Leadership Theories And Concepts Of Leadership - 1712 Words

The framework of this critical synthesis is to summarize and critically analyze existing literature with regards to the subject of effective leadership. The review of the literature indicates that there are a number of elements which impact effective leadership. In an organization, when these elements are implemented, they contribute negatively or positively to the delivery of the organizational goals and directives. Subsequently we must first start with analyzing all relative theories and concepts of leadership. Interest in leadership increased during the early part of the twentieth century. Early leadership theories concentrated on what qualities distinguished leaders from followers, while other theories examined variables such as skill levels and situational factors. Many different leadership theories have emerged, but most can be classified under the major types listed below. A. Great man theories speculate that the aptitude for leadership is inherent, great leaders are born not made. (Borgotta, Rouch and Bales, 1954; Galton, 1869) all suggested that a person who copied the personalities and behaviors of great men in the history of the world would become strong leaders. The term â€Å"great man† was used at the time because leadership was thought of predominantly as a male quality. It soon became apparent though that many effective leaders had widely differing personalities, thereby providing little value as an area of study. B. Trait theories made a modest advance inShow MoreRelatedCharismatic Leadership : Attribution Theory And Self Concept Theory1191 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed as how a follower, or subordinate, perceives their leader’s qualities. There are two theories on charismatic leadership: Attribution Theory and Self-Concept Theory. Researchers who have studied a person’s leadership skills, understand that effective leadership skills depend on how the leader adapts to certain situations. Charismatic leadership is usually more effective than other forms of leadership, but it can have several negative consequences that can hinder the effectiveness of an organizationRead MoreThe Theory And The Basic Concepts Behind The Leadership Framework1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe above outlines the history of the theory and the basic concepts behind the leadership framework. But what are the building blocks of the authoritarian leadership model? Here’s a look at the key characteristic s, as well as an explanation of the different elements that make the model work. Core characteristics of authoritarian leadership The authoritarian leadership style rests on three core elements. These not only define the role of the leader, but also how the framework should be implementedRead MoreThe Basic Concept Of Leadership Based On Trait Approach Theory Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper discusses on the basic concept of leadership based on trait approach theory. The establishment of relationship between leader and subordinate that focus on real changes and outcomes that reflects through shared purposes is basically leadership. In many aspects, the importance of vital without it families, communities as well as organizations would go down apart. To reach center point of goal, the leader should teach his follower to achieve better fruitful result. For this reason, the leaderRead MoreThe Relevant Concepts, Theories, and Models about Leadership Essay2902 Words   |  12 Pagesrelevant concepts, theories and models about leadership and describe one person who could be identified as leader and analyze how effective this person’s leadership is and why it is effective. Defining what is leadership comes first, second will provide an overview about my organization and the importance of leadership. Moving forward will address the different type of leaders and the difference between management and leadership. We will address as well, the theories of effective leadership; and lastRead MoreLeadership And Management Theories, Principles And Best Practice Concepts Benefit My Nursing Leadership Development2400 Words   |  10 Pageswill focus on leadership and management with the aim of developing knowledge from the discussion of theories and strategies to the provision of quality care. In the last section I will reflect on how knowledge gathered about leadership and management theories, principles and best practice concepts benefit my nursing leadership development. To begin with, fundamentals of leadership are to believe in the vision and to enjoy the journey as it is a very important concept in life. Leadership define by Zuber-SkerrittRead MoreEthics And Morality Are The Same Thing812 Words   |  4 Pagesoften think ethics and morality are the same thing. But in order to understand ethical leadership, it can be beneficial to view these two concepts differently. One of the most important ethical philosophers of modern times has been John Rawls, who made a clear distinction between comprehensive moral systems and less comprehensive systems. The distinction can help better understand the idea of ethical leadership. To Rawls, the two differ in the following manner: †¢ Comprehensive moral systems coverRead MoreLeadership Is Complex And Important Social Phenomenon1393 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is complex and important social phenomenon that existed at every stage of social development in different forms. There were always paid much attention to this fact and nowadays leadership is regarded as a very important management tool and one of the major keys to success. Good performance and results of a team depends on the leader’s behavior. So, selecting proper leadership style is crucial for the achievement of goals. Several scientists have devoted their researches to the issue ofRead MoreLeadership Style Of A New Company1314 Words   |  6 Pagesluster performance because of the lack of leadership or the wrong style of leadership. The leader is the most significant role within an organization that drives the success or failure of the company. Their own particular leadership style may produce positive results or hamper productivity. No two leaders are alike and no two employees are exactly the same. Any new leader, who is inheriting a diverse workforce, must be flexible enough to tailor their leadership style to the task they are trying toRead MoreA Theory Of Authentic Leadership1366 Words   |  6 PagesA theory in its infancy Authentic leadership is in its infancy, which means the concept still lacks certain universal answers or theories to specific questions. As we will explore in the section about the advantages and disadvantages of the theory, the lack of proper theory or model is sometimes criticised. But the core ideas of authentic leadership have evolved and academics are continuously researching the theory and its validity further. The emphasis of the theory is on the leader’s legitimacyRead MoreThe Great Man Theory, Collective Leadership, And Scholar Practitioner1131 Words   |  5 Pagesthe system (Bailey, 2004). The theories or concepts of leadership such as the Great Man theory, collective leadership, and scholar-practitioner are ideas that transformed the way leaders lead. The comparisons of the leadership styles illustrated that direction does not change. Within the comparisons, leadership links from one theory or concept to another. Each theory or idea is a building block for what a leader needs to be successful. The Great Man theory depicts a person of great need that

The Equal Opportunity (EO) is an important program to...

The Equal Opportunity (EO) is an important program to ensure fair treatment, justice, and equity for all people. This program frames and enhances a comprehensive effort to increase human’s potentials depending only on their eligibility, ability, and efficiency. Commanders and Noncommissioned Officers (NCOs) have a huge responsibility on their shoulders toward their units; they should provide a positive EO climate for their Soldiers. Because NCOs are the number one factor to create a successful positive equal opportunity environment, they should implement a positive environment and a healthy impartiality atmosphere within their unit. The Army provides fair treatment and equal opportunity for service members, their families, and the†¦show more content†¦Sexism is the behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex. Discrimination is the practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people. This paper will discuss and focus on the EO violations areas that include actions based on prejudicial and discriminative behaviors and how service member who takes an inappropriate action in any of these two areas will be accused of a discriminative attitude that breached the foundations of the EO program, which include race, color, religion, gender, or national origin. Prejudice within the military can be found when service members of racial and sexual minorities are being the target of favoritism. Back in 1948, anti-Black approaches were widespread movements in the U.S. military, what made President Truman order an end to the racial discrimination in the armed forces. Even though Whites approaches toward Blacks in the military have transformed in the past fifty years, racial prejudice is still common throughout the military society. Moreover, substantial numbers of heterosexual service members expressed negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians (Race). Moving on into discrimination within the military indicates discriminative actions that appear in different types depending on the service members’Show MoreRelatedSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 PagesTo whom the SOP applies, and possibly under what conditions or circumstances. Definitions Sometimes needed to explain terms new to readers or to interpret acronyms. Responsibilities Brief, descriptive sentences telling exactly who is responsible to ensure what outcomes or provide what resources. Procedures An orderly system of specific actions taken to carry out an assignment including: who, what, when, how, and why regarding tasks to be performed, as well as expected outcomes. Files Any additionalRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesimplements DODI 1332.14 and DODI 1332.30. It prescribes the policy and responsibility of command, which includes well-being of the force, military and personal discipline and conduct, the Army Equal Opportunity Program, Prevention of Sexual Harassment, and the Army Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program. Applicability. This regulation applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and the U.S. Army Reserve, unless otherwise stated. DuringRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagestheir bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations or having people working for you, in both cases you will be dealing with people. To be understandable and lively means that we need to communicate you. We start every chapter with learning objectives. The most important thing you will get out

Frankenstein and Industrialization Essay Example For Students

Frankenstein and Industrialization Essay How did the changes brought about by the factory system challenge the family? How do some of the authors included in Chapter Four, in Rogers, treat this issue? Does Mary Shelley have any insights or criticisms with regard to the family and industrial society?The changes brought about by the factory system changed drastically the whole family structure. This is especially evident from the way children and women were treated in the industrial society. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein discusses changes within the family from two different perspectives one of which is Victors and the other one that of the creature. The Industrial Revolution created a unique new category of people who were dependent on their job alone for income, a job from which they might be laid off without any reason. The factory worker had no land, no home, and no source of income but his job. Working in the factory meant more self-discipline and less personal freedom for workers. The system tended to depersonalize society and reduced workers to an impersonal status. This Economy powered by machines, turned people into machines as well. Even though life overall was improving, the industrialism brought misery to the workers and their families. Family structure and gender roles within the family were changed by the growth of the industrial society. Families as economic unit did not exist anymore. Productive work was taken out of the cottage. A new pattern of family life emerged. Families now worked on factories and mills for people they did not know. Production was the key in the industrial society and family was a minor issu e. Families were less closely bound together than in the past the economic link was broken. Children became an essential part of the factory system. Little children could work in such areas where a normal-sized adult would not fit. So factory and mine owners depended on child labor greatly. They especially depended on children who were good with their hands and parents realizing an extra income often forced their children into work. As a result, children got abused and injured constantly. In Aspects of Western Civilization, Rogers refers to different accounts of children being physically deformed for life as a result of their employment. He also provides statistics on childrens death causes, which include causes like: falling down the shafts, drowning in the mines, suffocating of choke-damp. An imperfect abstract from the registration of deaths for the year 1838, gives a total, in p. 177-178Perry Rogers also includes Friedrich Engels work The Impact of the Factory System on Women and the Family. Engels discusses the conditions that women were put into due to the Industriali zation. The family unit was broken down when women started working for the factories because they would work more than thirteen hours a day. This kind of employment left the women no time for the family functions such as cooking diners and caring for children. Very often women would come back to work three days after the childbirth. Women had no time nor health to care for their children the regular way. It is noted that in factory districts some parents used narcotics to keep their children still. Dr. Johns, Registrar in Chief for Manchester, is of opinion that this custom is the chief source of the many deaths from convulsions. p.186Mary Shelley discusses the family issues in Frankenstein as well. She starts by talking about Victors obsession with science and how it influenced his family bond. Victors interest in science begins when at fifteen he witnessed a huge oak tree blasted by a lightning bolt. This event caused him to forgo his former readings and begin studying natural phe nomena, especially the subjects of electricity and galvanism. This could be paralleled to Industrial Revolution in Victor Frankensteins life time of transition. It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn; and whether it was the outward substance of things or the inner spirit of nature and the mysterious soul of man that occupied me, still my inquiries were directed to the metaphysical, or in its highest sense, the physical secrets of the world. (chapter 2) This desire led Victor to creating life just like the desire of

Listen free essay sample

My soft voice, almost too soft, crept up and out of my throat only to be swiftly drowned out by the whistling sound of the water washing down over me. As a naive and timid adolescent, I limited my singing to the secluded space of my shower, where I was never to be heard by the callous children that walked the hallways of my middle school. I often sought to fit in, thwarting my voice from reaching its full potential. Instead of being me, I often observed those around me: how they talked, how they handled situations, and how they treated one another. With this I began to see everyone and everything in a different light. That’s when it hit me hard, like the sharp sting of a slap in the face screaming at me to wake up. I realized that suppressing who I was on the inside was no longer an option and that I had to take every opportunity that came my way to make the independent, strong-willed, and compassionate Jaime Lee known. We will write a custom essay sample on Listen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I immediately began to participate in organizations and clubs such as Student Council, Mock Trial, and Project Humanitarian Involvement to get my voice heard, ultimately in a positive way. Because of my acquired assertiveness to fight for both myself and the students who were afraid to speak up, my presence on Student Council has been recognized and highly valued by my peers and principal. This has allowed not only myself to grow over the past few years, but my voice as well. Emerging and finding my own positive voice has led me to sing along to every song playing on the radio, no matter who is around. Being able to speak up to my classmates soon became a breeze, but large audiences were not my forte. However, this all changed when I attended the Massachusetts Girl’s State program in June, 2011. At Girl’s State I was surrounded by a group of compelling, individualistic women who gave me the audacity to let my voice be heard by providing me the perfect opportunity to do so; the Girl’s State Talent Show. There I was, standing on the stage alone, in front of hundreds of people. I was doing what I never thought I would do in a million years, but what I knew I had earned the right to do. I gripped my microphone tightly as I explained to the girls that I was done playing it safe and doing the norm. I told them I was going to go out of the box and do something crazy by singing the song â€Å"Listen† by Beyonce. As my newfound, powerful voice began to unleash and the lyrics â€Å"The time has come for my dreams to be heard. They will not be pushed aside or turned† flew up and out of my throat, they were subsequently drowned out, this time not by the whistling sound of water, but by the crowd that stood before me cheering.

Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, “The Lesson” Essay Essay Example

Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay Paper Point of position is an indispensable component to a reader’s comprehension of a narrative. The point of position shows how the storyteller thinks. speaks. and feels about any peculiar state of affairs. In Toni Cade Bambara’s â€Å"The Lesson. † the events are told through the eyes of a immature uptown miss named Sylvia. The reader gets a limited point of position because the events are told purely by Sylvia. This fact can act upon the reader to see things merely as she does. The strong linguistic communication gives a unfamiliar reader an illustration of how people in the metropolis speak. We will write a custom essay sample on Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Point of View in Toni Cade Bambara’s, â€Å"The Lesson† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bambara does this to demo a different sort of life that may be new to the reader and may help in the comprehension of the street life. The reader gets a sense of Sylvia’s personality in the really beginning of the narrative as she talks about Miss Moore. Sylvia’s sentiment of her is non one of fancy. She says that she hates Miss Moore every bit much as the â€Å"winos who pissed on our handball walls and stand up on our hallways and stepss so you couldn’t center drama hide-and-seek† ( 307 ) . By comparing the hatred to something she enjoys. we see what a child in the slums does for merriment. Sylvia feels that Miss Moore ever plans â€Å"boring-ass things for us to do† ( 307 ) . Miss Moore seems to be different from what Sylvia is usage to. Sylvia harps on the fact that Miss Moore is educated. This shows that Sylvia is non use to being about educated people. She dislikes the fact that Miss Moore is a adult female with â€Å"nappy hair and proper address with no makeup† ( 307 ) . Sylvia continues to depict her as a â€Å"nappy caput bitch and her goddamn college degree† and would instead make things that are fun alternatively of listening to her. Miss Moore efforts to learn the kids about the difference of how some people spend money. Sylvia feels insulted and thinks Miss Moore is naming them â€Å"retards† when she asks the group do they cognize what money is. The first lesson is to calculate out how much of a tip they are suppose to go forth the cab driver. Sylvia wants to maintain the money and leap out of the cab and pass the money on some barbecue. Larceny seems to be a common characteristic within the group. Subsequently. when they are at the shop. Sugar asks â€Å"can we steal† ( 308 ) . Miss Moore shows the childs the monetary values of several objects and they are amazed at some of the costs. They try to calculate out how long they could salvage up to purchase things such as a 30 five-dollar birthday buffoon. The kids think about how 35 dollars would be used to purchase necessities alternatively of luxuries. The childs think that merely white people would purchase the objects that they see. Rosie Giraffe says that â€Å"white folks† are brainsick in the manner they spend money. This exemplifies the difference in the criterion of life from one portion of society to another. Ultimately. Bambara wants to demo the reader that there is a different position of life through the eyes of person from the metropolis. The attitude of Sylvia and her friends is an property to their milieus. The lesson that they learn is one that the reader receives besides. Bambara shows how some people can pass money on points that seem unimportant to the childs. Sylvia appears to brush off the whole experience by invariably knocking Miss Moore and believing negative ideas of her. In the terminal. the reader can see that Sylvia has soaked up some of the events and wants to endeavor to hold some of the finer things. The fact that â€Å"ain’t cipher gon na crush me at nuthin† shows that Sylvia is traveling to be the best of anything she pursues ( 312 ) . Bambara wants the reader to see that there is another type of life style in the metropolis. It is non to minimize Sylvia and her equals merely to demo that there is a difference of values. In this novel. that value is the difference of disbursement money.

Lusitania essays

Lusitania essays World War One was well underway in 1915. France, Russia and Britain, also known as the allies were fighting Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The United States was staying neutral at this time. The war was at a turning point because both sides were even on land, so sea warfare was becoming more and more popular. U-boats were introduced during this time. On February 15, 1915 Germany said that any boat entering the war zone would be immediately torpedoed and sunk by their U-boats. The Lusitania was built because of a strong rivalry between Germany and Britain about who could create the fastest and most luxurious ocean liner. The building of the Lusitania started in September of 1904 and was completed on June 7, 1906. About 200,000 people came to see her first departure on September 7, 1907. The Lusitania was 785 feet long and weighed 31,550 metric tons. The Lusitania was the largest ship on the seas. It was created as a luxurious ocean liner that carried people and goods between the United States and England. The Lusitania was very popular because of her speed and luxurious accommodations. It had seven decks. Her passengers called her a floating palace. It was considered the finest ship on the seas. A one-way trip on the Lusitania costs about $4,000. The Lusitania was given the Blue Ribbon for crossing the Atlantic in the least amount of time. In January of 1915 Captain William Turner was taking the Lusitania to Queenstown when a German Sub stopped them and was going to bomb them. The captain raised the American flag and because the United States was still neutral, the Germans refused to torpedo the ship. Soon after German policy changed, they were told to take down any ship in their war zone. The Germans put warnings saying, Travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain...do so at their own risk., on all Lusitania advertisements saying that any ship travelin...

Second Life and Virtual Labs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Second Life and Virtual Labs - Research Paper Example Second Life is mainly utilized in collaboration, scientific research and data visualization as ways of enhancing knowledge. Examples of these include genome, SciLands, Virginia Tech’s Slate, American Chemical Society’s, ACS Island, Nature Publishing Group’s and Elucian Islands Village. The graphics, Havok physics engine and Linden Scripting Language allow simulation of several imagined or real devices and machines. Many light houses are present, some having detailed Fresnel lenses (Bruder, 23). Common equipments include combat weapon systems and steam punk buoyant airships. A bigger part of Linden Scripting Language Guide elaborates on the features available and which can be used for modeling vehicles. These as popularly used in airplanes, motorcycles, boats and cars. Manned vehicles are more advantageous even though there can be remotely or autonomous controlled vehicles. Clark (6) argues that a significant obstacle is sim (region) crossing. As opposed to cell p hone handoffs, this is a challenge for users who are at walking speed. This has however been improved greatly by Linden Labs. The crossing becomes seamless when the user in mention has few resources allocated to them. Second Life physics is dependent on computer game physics. It consists of interpenetration avoidance of physical objects and avatars with physical or non-physical objects (Pauli Exclusion Principle’s approximation). For physical objects such as vehicles, real world motion is approximated. Avatars are used on vehicles and users have the ability of controlling them. Numerous system calls are part of the scripting language and are specialized for vehicle. They define their control and movement. However, the real world motion correspondence is quantitatively undefined. Second Life vehicles behave typically like vehicles in the real world in superficial ways only. The differences are essential in dealing with sim crossing challenge, internet communication latency and time step. Within these limits, a high realism degree is possible for some moving objects. However, with the available system calls, easier motions can be scripted quickly (Eastwell, 45). Genome Island literally began with a light bulb. A very popular scripting and building tutorial in Second Life is on making a light. This basic script’s modification animates many genome island experiments. Laboratory computers that can rum Second Life programs are already installed at Texas Wesleyan. This means that students can access Genome Island when in campus. The main grid is only allowed for people above the age of eighteen years and therefore the conceptual contents at Genome Island are created at a level suitable for university undergraduates. The materials do not correspond to any curriculum or textbook but comprise of encounters with genetic matters. The interactive maters behave as per established genetic principles. Activities are categorized in to four principal areas. Experi ments include Mendelian inheritance principles, genetic interactions and inheritance patterns, drosophila, bacterial and molecular genetics and population genetic principles. Guest builders and other students can make contributions on the Atelier. Teleports are used for connecting experiments that are related to each other. The Bottle experiment message is a section of genetic coding on the Tower unit. The protein’

Leadership diary 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership diary 6 - Assignment Example Take an instance of a family; it is the role of my father to ensure that the family is well taken care of. Among others, he has to ensure that the family is healthy. In addition, he has to provide for the family. Despite the fact that my mother assists in this role, I must say that as the head of the family, my father does a pretty good job. He is also responsible for ensuring that, we, as his children have access to quality education. This is also an area that he has been able to tackle very well. In as much as it is it is a requirement by the government I still feel that he is able to manage this role just fine. With all said and done, he is also a role model for the whole family. The president also serves a similar task as a father only that this time it is at the national level. At this level, some roles of leadership like role modelling may not be possible (Kouzes, and Barry 32). In addition, we don’t get to interact with the president on a day to day basis. I consider president Obama to be a good leader in so many aspects. Taking a look at his historical achievements, Obama has among others been able to bring an end to Al Qaeda through the killing of Osama bin Laden as well as Libya’s dictatorship. This can be considered to be great achievements by the

Modern Social Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Social Thought - Essay Example Nadia’s choice is in the best interest of her children but her decision is frowned upon by her own parents thus ostracizing her from her parents and relatives. Even though Aarif, Nadia’s husband, left her and her children homeless due to his drug habit, Nadia gets no sympathy from her relatives. Nadia is seemingly encountering social exclusion due to her going against the traditions of her Muslim upbringing even though it is for necessary purposes.   Nadia’s circumstances can be said to be a function of family dynamics, social dynamics, and cultural dynamics. All three of these aspects are unfortunately working against her in her attempt to raise and care for her children in the presence of a patriarchal upbringing and religion. When studying Nadia’s situation from a modern social theory, one can utilize Marxism as a guideline for better comprehension, â€Å"Karl Marx is a central figure in a broader theoretical fraction: modern social theory†(Antonia, 2003).   The first point which should be made concerning the facts surrounding Nadia’s life, is that each event and circumstance which has been described in the case study as taking place in Nadia’s life, is actually impacting her place in society as well as her personal feelings and her ability to cope and respond to stressors, â€Å"Social practices are not reflecting natural differences with these diacritical marks of gender. They are weaving a structure of symbol and interpretation around them and often vastly exaggerating or distorting them†(Connell, 1987). As a woman, Nadia is at a further disadvantage because of her patriarchal family.   Nadia is living in the Westernized country of the U.K. where among certain groups, arranged marriage is still the ‘norm’ (Giddens, 2006).

Criticism of a Social Group

Criticism of a Social Group The intergroup sensitivity effect occurs when people perceive criticism of a social group they belong to. Group members evaluation of the criticism depends largely on the source of the message. According to social identity theory outgroup members are typically evaluated less positively than ingroup members because people are motivated to perceive their group (and themselves) as more favorable than a reference group. Applying this ingroup preference to intergroup criticisms; outgroup critics are evaluated less positively than ingroup critics, and their comments arouse greater sensitivity than do the same comments made by an ingroup member. Since ingroup members receive more positive appraisal, their criticisms are perceived as more constructive, provoke less sensitivity, and are agreed with more. Research by Hornsey and Imani (2003) supported the intergroup sensitivity effect by revealing that ingroup critics were met with less defensiveness than were outgroup critics, regardless of t he amount of experience they had with the ingroup. The black sheep effect is another phenomenon related to social identity. When ingroup member deviate from the defining norms of the group they threaten the image of the group. One goal of group membership is positive distinctiveness; to be distinct from a reference group in a more positive way. When ingroup members deviate from norms that define the group they threaten the positive distinctiveness of the group. These individuals are then negatively evaluated. The black sheep effect refers to more negative evaluations of ingroup deviants compared to outgroup members, deviant or otherwise. Outgroup deviants cannot threaten the positive distinctiveness of the group like an ingroup member can. Groups may have a tendency to agree on more extreme positions than those held by individuals through a process called group polarization. Often this occurs following group discussion. Two theories may account for this phenomenon, social comparison theory (SCT) and persuasive arguments theory (PAT). According to SCT, people are motivated to evaluate and present themselves positively, in order to do this an individual must be continually processing information about how other people present themselves and adjust their self-presentations accordingly. People also want to be perceived to be better than average so they present themselves in a more favorable light. When all members of a group engage in this comparing process the result is a shift in a direction of perceived greater value. To do this people engage in removal of pluralistic ignorance, where they present their views as compromises between the ideal and the desire to not be too deviant from the group. People then tend to shift towards the ideal position, leading to group polarization. The bandwagon effect, or one-upmanship, also occurs because people want to be different and distinct from other people in their group in a more favorable direction. This happens when people infer the norm of the group, then shift their respo nse to a more ideal position. The persuasive arguments theory (PAT) suggests that an individuals choice or position on an issue is a function of the number and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments that that person recalls from memory when formulating their position. Discussion causes polarization because it provides persuasive arguments to the individual. These arguments tend to be evaluated on their validity and novelty. A meta-analysis by Isenberg (1986) suggested that, while there is evidence for both SCT and PAT as mediators of group polarization, PAT tends to have a stronger effect. While both may occur simultaneously, there is evidence that they are two conceptually independent processes. One of the primary ways that individuals maintain independence from norms associated with social groups is through social support. Allen (1975) proposed that social support serves to provide an assessment of physical and social reality. Under situations of conformity (experimentally manipulated by consensus on an incorrect answer) social support encourages individuals to express responses inconsistent with those of the group. Social support counteracts negative social factors related to dissent by reducing anxiety related to potential rejection, and reducing the perception that the group will make negative dispositional attributions about the dissenter. On a cognitive basis, social support helps nonconformity by simply breaking the expectation of group consensus, by cognitively restructuring the meaning of a given stimulus, and by reassuring the dissenting person that they have not lost touch with reality. Nonconformity aided by social support is enhanced by previous social contact w ith the supporter, and occur whether the supporter is an ingroup or outgroup member (as long as the conformity issue is not related to the salient social identity. The effectiveness of minority influence relies on a number of factors. According to Moscovici Faucheux (1972) one of the main factors is consistency of the message. People are motivated to seek consistency in their social world and it is easier to persuade individuals of the legitimacy of ones view on issues when the message is consistent, particularly when the answer is unknown (e.g. how to fix  the economy). Moscovici also suggests that rigid minorities tend to have a less direct influence than more flexible minorities, which may imply that Palin needs to portray her views as more moderate. Alvaro and Crano (1997) suggest that indirect minority influence may be effective at changing attitudes. In an effort to effect popular opinion about highly contested and core political issues (e.g. abortion rights) she ought to target an associated, less contentious issue (e.g. sex education in public schools). In order for her to have any success at indirect influence however, she needs to present herself as an ingroup member. She might focus on her identity as a woman, a mother, cite a long familial American heritage or any other potential cross-cutting categories. She will have more success if she portrays herself as more similar to the majority of Americans. Old fashioned prejudice may be characterized as overt prejudice where discrimination is obvious and public. Modern prejudice can be conceptualized as aversive racism (Gaertner Dovidio, 1986) which is characterized by ambivalence between feelings and beliefs associated with a egalitarian value system and unacknowledged negative feelings and beliefs about African Americans. For most Americans an egalitarian value system is important to the self-concept, demanding a nonprejudiced self-image. This is the result of sympathy for victims of past injustices leading to support of public policies that promote racial equality. However, negative attitudes toward African Americans are still pervasive. These feelings and beliefs may be derived from a historical and contemporary culturally racist contexts (creating uneasiness or discomfort). They may be biases derived from cognitive mechanisms that contribute to the development of stereotypes. They may also develop from any combination of historic al stereotypes, institutional racism, need for self-esteem, or economic competition. As opposed to the direct link between old fashioned racism and acts of prejudice, aversive racism has more complex antecedents for expression of prejudice. When there is weak, ambiguous or conflicting normative structure defining appropriate interaction or if a prejudiced response can be rationalized or justified through attribution to some factor other than race, actsof prejudice are more likely to occur. When there is clearly appropriate normative structure and a prejudiced response cannot be rationalized acts of prejudice are less likely to occur. Deindividuation effects have classically been described as anti-normative behavior stemming from decreased self-awareness and decreased self-evaluation, occurring when the presence and identity of a group supersede individual identity. Specific antecedents of deindividuation effects were proposed by Zimbardo (1969), which included anonymity, sensory overload, novel situations, loss of individual responsibility and substance abuse. Zimbardo proposed that deindividuation effects manifested as behaviors that were violations of norms and largely characterized as antisocial. Diener (1980) further elaborated on the effect as decreased self-awareness by an individual, making them responsive to external stimulus over internal monitoring and planning. It is important to note that these classical conceptions of deindividuation effects largely as an individual process, rather than a group process. A more contemporary model that challenges classical conceptualizations of deindividuation is the social identity perspective on deindividuation effects (SIDE; Reicher et al., 1995). The SIDE model proposes that deindividuation effects fall into one of two categories; (a) cognitive effects and (b) strategic effects, depending on whether the self or other group members are anonymous. Cognitive effects are believed to occur in relation to others being anonymous or identifiable. When group members are anonymous the individual has a tendency to perceive indicators of group membership, making social identity and group norms salient, however when other group members are identifiable, individual identity becomes salient, decreasing the power of group norms. In contrast, strategic effects occur when the self is either anonymous or identifiable to the group. They are named as such because rather than being involved in perception of social identity, they are involved in displaying social identi ty. Studies suggested that when an individual was anonymous they expressed more punishable than unpunishable ingroup norms, when they were identifiable, they expressed more unpunishable than punishable ingroup norms. When identity is available to an ingroup, individuals express group norms in an effort to enhance social identity, but when identity is available to an outgroup, individuals are less expressive of group norms, possibly for fear of retribution. The SIDE model suggests that crowd behaviors related to anonymity rarely result from deindividuated states, rather that behaviors were context dependant and consistent with group norms.

Simba Chips

Simba Packaging: Simba is re-launching the iconic potato chipbrand with a new look and feel to drive additional interest in the snack aisle. The re-launch is focused on refreshing the range of fun and flavourful potato chips to address consumer needs whileboosting brand exposure in retail outlets. A South African icon for 56 years, Simba is committed to further investing in its brand by continuously updating its image to appeal to shoppers and consumers alike and provide easier on shelf navigation and presence.This contemporary new design includes a bigger and more prominent Simba The Lion, capitalising on the loved and easily identifiable icon. At the top center of the packet, is a modified brand logo re-introducing the famous crown that makes it The Unmistakable King of Snacks. The changes made to the packaging are significant, yet the product range retains the key elements that have made Simba a recognisable South African brand for so many years. Additionally the large 125g packet will come in a thicker film to enhance the look and feel on shelf.Part of the research conducted by Simba included elements to ensure that the fundamentals of the new design are assembled centrally on the pack, making it easier for the consumer to track all the important product information at a glance. ‘At Simba we are extremely proud of this fresh look, which marks an exciting new chapter for the brand. The new packaging will help to revitalise the brand and contribute to continued growth. We are confident that this updated look will appeal to all customers while keeping the brand firmly in touch with Simba’s rich heritage’ says Rita Fernandes, Senior Brand Manager for Simba.The brand re-launch will be supported by a full marketing campaign including a television and radio commercial, sampling activity, PR and in store branding. The campaign will communicate the changes to customers and ensure that while their favourite Simba product may have had a makeover, i t’s still the same Simba taste experience inside the pack. The refreshed look of the range is not the only big news from Simba. The party bag size (200g) will also be launched concurrently with the packaging re-launch, giving consumers a format for the socialising and party occasion.

Advanced Corporate Reporting

A reporting entity is required to prepare its financial report based on IASB framework and it is so useful for different types of users to evaluate the financial performance of the reporting entity and make suitable decisions. In this essay, the usefulness of conceptual framework in preparing of financial report will be discussed. And also, 2011 annual report of CLP Holdings Limited will be reviewed to further discuss how its qualitative characteristics of the information are useful for shareholders.Finally, one of its qualitative characteristics will be selected to be the most important and a conclusion will be made at the end of this essay. Usefulness of conceptual framework The IASB Framework sets out the definitions and recognition criteria for the elements of financial statements. Before the framework was set, companies might use different definitions and recognition criteria to recognize their transactions, even it is the same nature of transactions. For example, non-current as sets can be recognized in cost model or revaluation model.If there was no framework, a company might use cost model to recognize its machinery while revaluation model was used to recognize property. However, the entity is required to be consistent to adopt cost model or revaluation model for a long period under the framework. As a result, the framework is useful for consistent accounting treatments. Because of the consistency, it is easier to compare the entities’ performance over time, even performance between different entities in the same industry.Also, it is easier for the reporting entity to prepare financial statements, especially in preparing consolidated financial statements for multinational entities. Most countries adopt IFRS nowadays. This is an international framework and they can use the same definition and recognition criteria when considering how to treat different transactions such as sales, purchases and valuation of stock. It will reduce the time for arguing the accounting treatment of different transactions. Qualitative characteristics of financial reportAs a shareholder, the financial statement should have four major qualitative characteristics and these characteristics will be discussed as follow: 1. Relevance A relevant financial statement should be predictable and have confirmatory value. It should be able to predict the future of the enterprise and shareholders can make a suitable decision based on the statement. In 2011 annual report of CLP Holdings Limited (CLP), there is a risk management report which is relevant to shareholders. All entities will probably have different types of risk.Nevertheless, CLP set a risk management framework which consists of risk governance structure and risk management process. The risk governance structure states that who will be responsible for dealing with risks and the risk management process diagram shows how to manage its risks. Additionally, CLP assessed its top tier risks and future challeng es so that shareholders can predict how risky if they invest in this company. Another example of relevance is the trend of earnings and dividends per share in the past ten years. The trend can help existing and potential shareholders predict the future performance of CLP.Since 2002, Earnings and dividends per share are increasing except 2009; shareholders then may predict they can still get an increasing earnings and dividends per share in the coming years and they may be willing to invest more in the enterprise. Last but not least, financial statement of CLP has confirmatory value because of its 5-year summary statement. The figures of the past five years has already confirmed in the past annual reports. For example, total revenue sharply increased in 2011 and the main reason is the rising revenue from energy business in Australia.Shareholders may predict that CLP is expanding its business to Australia and the revenue from this segment will continuously rise in the coming few years . Besides the increasing revenue, dividends declared of CLP are very steady and shareholders do not worry if they cannot receive the dividend. Hence, shareholders will evaluate that CLP is worth to invest. 2. Faithful representation A reliable financial statement should be prepared in a true and fair view. That means it should be neutral, free from material errors, complete and prudence.From the point of auditors’ view, the financial statement of CLP is prepared in a true and fair view and it complies with Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards (HKFRS) and Hong Kong Companies Ordinance. As the auditors’ report is clean, it reflects that the financial statement is free from material errors and the major transactions are completely recorded during 2011. On the other hand, CLP has an audit committee which comprises with five members; all of them are Independent Non-executive Directors (INED) while three of them are members of Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accou ntants (HKICPA).INED do not participate in any operation and decision making of the company and do not have any relationship to the shareholders, so they are not influenced by shareholders and can be no bias in selection of information putting in the financial report. In addition, the financial report is audited by the third party and the opinion can be formed neutrally. Furthermore, the financial report should be prepared in a prudent manner which means assets or revenue cannot be overstated whilst liabilities and expenses cannot be underestimated.For CLP, its inventory is stated at a lower cost or net realizable value. Prudence concept is applied when the company prepare its financial statement. 3. Comparability A qualitative financial statement should be comparable, no matter internal or external. Shareholders must be able to compare the financial performance between different years of the reporting entity and at the same time, they also are able to compare the financial performa nce between different companies in the same industry. The financial statement of CLP can fulfil this qualitative characteristic.Besides its statement shows the figures of two years (2010 and 2011), it shows the increasing or decreasing percentage of its revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities in 5-min annual report and economic value section. It gives a clear picture to shareholders to compare between two years. Moreover, the financial report is prepared based on HKFRS, the accounting policy is consistent and because of this, it is easier for shareholders to compare the financial performance between different years.Financial statement of CLP can also be compared with Power Assets Holdings Limited (HKEL), which is the major competitor of CLP. In 2011, revenue of CLP is about nine times of HKEL and the operating profit is a double of HKEL. However, profit before taxation of CLP is only $1,000 million more than that of HKEL. Shareholders may query why there is only a small difference between profit of both companies and what is happening on the operation of CLP. Therefore, they can make a correct decision through the comparison. 4. UnderstandabilityBesides the above three qualitative characteristics, understandability is important for shareholders too. There are many explanations at the bottom of the financial statement such as a quick guide of its classification of different entities and explanation of indefinite useful life. These further explanations can also help shareholders understand the financial performance of CLP more. As not all shareholders have enough accounting knowledge, some of them may not know how to evaluate the performance through income statement and financial position.Thus, statement of cash flow can help them understand the performance easier because this statement is prepared in cash basis; it clearly reflects the net cash inflows and outflows from different activities. The liquidity and the going concern of CLP can be understood even if shareholders are lack of accounting knowledge. The items of an understandable financial statement should also be aggregated and classified. Revenue in Consolidated Income Statement is aggregated at a lump-sum figure and the analysis of the revenue only revealed in the Notes to the Financial Statements.Another example is bank loans and other borrowings. An analysis of this item is also revealed in the notes. Bank loans and other borrowings is not only aggregated at a lump-sum figure, but also is classified as a current liabilities with other short-term liability. In my opinion, faithful representation is the most important qualitative characteristic. Users of financial report are not only shareholders, but also lenders, government, suppliers, employees, customers and the public.A financial report is prepared on the basis of true and fair which means that financial report is reliable and can be used under different circumstances. For instance, the entity wants to borrow loan from ban k, the bank can rely on the financial report and estimate the risk of this loan according to accounting ratios and cash flow. For suppliers, when they consider giving credit terms to the company, they can rely on the statement of cash flow and some short-term items like current assets and current liabilities.Furthermore, the financial report must be audited. If the report is not prepared in true and fair view, the annual report will be qualified. As a result, this qualitative characteristic is the most important. Conclusion To sum up, the financial report must be prepared on the basis of the conceptual framework because the framework provides general theories and recognition criteria in preparing financial report. Additionally, a qualitative report should be relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable.Shareholders can predict the future financial performance based on the past events and the forecast of the company. Also, the report can be compared internally and externally and be understood so that shareholders can decide how to invest their money. On the other hand, the most important characteristic is faithful representation. Financial report must be prepared in a true and fair view so that the report can be unqualified and be used appropriately by the community. (Word: 1598) Reference 1. o CLP HOLDINGS LIMITED, (2012). ‘CLP Group 2011 Annual Report’.Available from: https://www. clpgroup. com/ourcompany/aboutus/resourcecorner/publications/Pages/publication. aspx [Accessed 28. 10. 2012] 2. ELLIOTT, Barry & ELLIOTT, Jamie, (2007). Financial Accounting and Reporting. England: Pearson Education Limited, pp. 161 – 181 3. HONG KONG INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (HKICPA), (2010). ‘Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010’. Available from: http://app1. hkicpa. org. hk/ebook/index. php [Accessed 28. 10. 2012] 4. POWER ASSETS HOLDINGS LTD, (2012). ‘Annual Report 2011’.Available from: http://www. powerassets. com/pahWeb/IR/FinancialReports/AnnualReports/AnnualReport2011_en. htm [Accessed 12. 11. 2012] 5. PUTHRAN, Santosh, (2009). ‘IASB Framework – Financial Statements’. Available from: http://www. managementaccountant. in/2009/07/iasb-framework-financial-statements. html [Accessed 10. 11. 2012] 6. VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA, (n. d. ). ‘Conceptual framework’. Available from: http://www. staff. vu. edu. au/faux/Topic%203%20Conceptual%20Framework%201%202002. ppt [Accessed 28. 10. 2012] Advanced Corporate Reporting A reporting entity is required to prepare its financial report based on IASB framework and it is so useful for different types of users to evaluate the financial performance of the reporting entity and make suitable decisions. In this essay, the usefulness of conceptual framework in preparing of financial report will be discussed. And also, 2011 annual report of CLP Holdings Limited will be reviewed to further discuss how its qualitative characteristics of the information are useful for shareholders.Finally, one of its qualitative characteristics will be selected to be the most important and a conclusion will be made at the end of this essay. Usefulness of conceptual framework The IASB Framework sets out the definitions and recognition criteria for the elements of financial statements. Before the framework was set, companies might use different definitions and recognition criteria to recognize their transactions, even it is the same nature of transactions. For example, non-current as sets can be recognized in cost model or revaluation model.If there was no framework, a company might use cost model to recognize its machinery while revaluation model was used to recognize property. However, the entity is required to be consistent to adopt cost model or revaluation model for a long period under the framework. As a result, the framework is useful for consistent accounting treatments. Because of the consistency, it is easier to compare the entities’ performance over time, even performance between different entities in the same industry.Also, it is easier for the reporting entity to prepare financial statements, especially in preparing consolidated financial statements for multinational entities. Most countries adopt IFRS nowadays. This is an international framework and they can use the same definition and recognition criteria when considering how to treat different transactions such as sales, purchases and valuation of stock. It will reduce the time for arguing the accounting treatment of different transactions. Qualitative characteristics of financial reportAs a shareholder, the financial statement should have four major qualitative characteristics and these characteristics will be discussed as follow: 1. Relevance A relevant financial statement should be predictable and have confirmatory value. It should be able to predict the future of the enterprise and shareholders can make a suitable decision based on the statement. In 2011 annual report of CLP Holdings Limited (CLP), there is a risk management report which is relevant to shareholders. All entities will probably have different types of risk.Nevertheless, CLP set a risk management framework which consists of risk governance structure and risk management process. The risk governance structure states that who will be responsible for dealing with risks and the risk management process diagram shows how to manage its risks. Additionally, CLP assessed its top tier risks and future challeng es so that shareholders can predict how risky if they invest in this company. Another example of relevance is the trend of earnings and dividends per share in the past ten years. The trend can help existing and potential shareholders predict the future performance of CLP.Since 2002, Earnings and dividends per share are increasing except 2009; shareholders then may predict they can still get an increasing earnings and dividends per share in the coming years and they may be willing to invest more in the enterprise. Last but not least, financial statement of CLP has confirmatory value because of its 5-year summary statement. The figures of the past five years has already confirmed in the past annual reports. For example, total revenue sharply increased in 2011 and the main reason is the rising revenue from energy business in Australia.Shareholders may predict that CLP is expanding its business to Australia and the revenue from this segment will continuously rise in the coming few years . Besides the increasing revenue, dividends declared of CLP are very steady and shareholders do not worry if they cannot receive the dividend. Hence, shareholders will evaluate that CLP is worth to invest. 2. Faithful representation A reliable financial statement should be prepared in a true and fair view. That means it should be neutral, free from material errors, complete and prudence.From the point of auditors’ view, the financial statement of CLP is prepared in a true and fair view and it complies with Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards (HKFRS) and Hong Kong Companies Ordinance. As the auditors’ report is clean, it reflects that the financial statement is free from material errors and the major transactions are completely recorded during 2011. On the other hand, CLP has an audit committee which comprises with five members; all of them are Independent Non-executive Directors (INED) while three of them are members of Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accou ntants (HKICPA).INED do not participate in any operation and decision making of the company and do not have any relationship to the shareholders, so they are not influenced by shareholders and can be no bias in selection of information putting in the financial report. In addition, the financial report is audited by the third party and the opinion can be formed neutrally. Furthermore, the financial report should be prepared in a prudent manner which means assets or revenue cannot be overstated whilst liabilities and expenses cannot be underestimated.For CLP, its inventory is stated at a lower cost or net realizable value. Prudence concept is applied when the company prepare its financial statement. 3. Comparability A qualitative financial statement should be comparable, no matter internal or external. Shareholders must be able to compare the financial performance between different years of the reporting entity and at the same time, they also are able to compare the financial performa nce between different companies in the same industry. The financial statement of CLP can fulfil this qualitative characteristic.Besides its statement shows the figures of two years (2010 and 2011), it shows the increasing or decreasing percentage of its revenue, expenses, assets and liabilities in 5-min annual report and economic value section. It gives a clear picture to shareholders to compare between two years. Moreover, the financial report is prepared based on HKFRS, the accounting policy is consistent and because of this, it is easier for shareholders to compare the financial performance between different years.Financial statement of CLP can also be compared with Power Assets Holdings Limited (HKEL), which is the major competitor of CLP. In 2011, revenue of CLP is about nine times of HKEL and the operating profit is a double of HKEL. However, profit before taxation of CLP is only $1,000 million more than that of HKEL. Shareholders may query why there is only a small difference between profit of both companies and what is happening on the operation of CLP. Therefore, they can make a correct decision through the comparison. 4. UnderstandabilityBesides the above three qualitative characteristics, understandability is important for shareholders too. There are many explanations at the bottom of the financial statement such as a quick guide of its classification of different entities and explanation of indefinite useful life. These further explanations can also help shareholders understand the financial performance of CLP more. As not all shareholders have enough accounting knowledge, some of them may not know how to evaluate the performance through income statement and financial position.Thus, statement of cash flow can help them understand the performance easier because this statement is prepared in cash basis; it clearly reflects the net cash inflows and outflows from different activities. The liquidity and the going concern of CLP can be understood even if shareholders are lack of accounting knowledge. The items of an understandable financial statement should also be aggregated and classified. Revenue in Consolidated Income Statement is aggregated at a lump-sum figure and the analysis of the revenue only revealed in the Notes to the Financial Statements.Another example is bank loans and other borrowings. An analysis of this item is also revealed in the notes. Bank loans and other borrowings is not only aggregated at a lump-sum figure, but also is classified as a current liabilities with other short-term liability. In my opinion, faithful representation is the most important qualitative characteristic. Users of financial report are not only shareholders, but also lenders, government, suppliers, employees, customers and the public.A financial report is prepared on the basis of true and fair which means that financial report is reliable and can be used under different circumstances. For instance, the entity wants to borrow loan from ban k, the bank can rely on the financial report and estimate the risk of this loan according to accounting ratios and cash flow. For suppliers, when they consider giving credit terms to the company, they can rely on the statement of cash flow and some short-term items like current assets and current liabilities.Furthermore, the financial report must be audited. If the report is not prepared in true and fair view, the annual report will be qualified. As a result, this qualitative characteristic is the most important. Conclusion To sum up, the financial report must be prepared on the basis of the conceptual framework because the framework provides general theories and recognition criteria in preparing financial report. Additionally, a qualitative report should be relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable.Shareholders can predict the future financial performance based on the past events and the forecast of the company. Also, the report can be compared internally and externally and be understood so that shareholders can decide how to invest their money. On the other hand, the most important characteristic is faithful representation. Financial report must be prepared in a true and fair view so that the report can be unqualified and be used appropriately by the community. (Word: 1598) Reference 1. o CLP HOLDINGS LIMITED, (2012). ‘CLP Group 2011 Annual Report’.Available from: https://www. clpgroup. com/ourcompany/aboutus/resourcecorner/publications/Pages/publication. aspx [Accessed 28. 10. 2012] 2. ELLIOTT, Barry & ELLIOTT, Jamie, (2007). Financial Accounting and Reporting. England: Pearson Education Limited, pp. 161 – 181 3. HONG KONG INSTITUTE OF CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS (HKICPA), (2010). ‘Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010’. Available from: http://app1. hkicpa. org. hk/ebook/index. php [Accessed 28. 10. 2012] 4. POWER ASSETS HOLDINGS LTD, (2012). ‘Annual Report 2011’.Available from: http://www. powerassets. com/pahWeb/IR/FinancialReports/AnnualReports/AnnualReport2011_en. htm [Accessed 12. 11. 2012] 5. PUTHRAN, Santosh, (2009). ‘IASB Framework – Financial Statements’. Available from: http://www. managementaccountant. in/2009/07/iasb-framework-financial-statements. html [Accessed 10. 11. 2012] 6. VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA, (n. d. ). ‘Conceptual framework’. Available from: http://www. staff. vu. edu. au/faux/Topic%203%20Conceptual%20Framework%201%202002. ppt [Accessed 28. 10. 2012]

Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Essays

Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Essays Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Essay Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Essay For the intent of this survey an activity has been planned by the writer and introduced within the writers ain work puting. Any learning purposes will be evaluated and consideration given to any learning chances offered to set up the prosperity of execution of the activity. All planning will be developed utilizing the counsel of the Early Years Foundation Stage ( DCFS, 2008 ) , consideration given to the distinction of children`s demands and assortment of pedagogical attacks required. Research will be undertaken to set up the considerations given in be aftering to the Early Years Foundation Stage Principles, subjects and committednesss supported by relevant theory and research findings. Research will be undertaken into different theoreticians and how their findings may act upon current pattern within the workplace. A picture recording will be made to capture all interactions and chances utilised for shared, sustained thought. Opportunities for the development of linguistic communication, and diverseness of acquisition will be evaluated and assessed with the aid and counsel of the scenes director. The Early Old ages Puting The country used for the planned activity is within the chief room of a Foundation Unit which caters for kids who are aged three to five old ages old. The country chosen is within the originative portion of the scene leting entree to all stuffs and equipment available. The country has been prepared for the activity, all resources have been prepared and organised adhering to the wellness and safety counsel of the scene. The purpose of the activity is to set up a child`s ability to manage tools and objects safely and efficaciously, this has been achieved through the proviso of a assortment of equipment and stuffs supported through the interaction of the early old ages practician. Planning has been differentiated leting for kids of lower abilities to be included within the activity, and different schemes implemented in order to provide for single developmental demands. This is in line with the purposes and rules of the EYFS attack to larning. Good planning is of import for effectual pattern in order to give a varied and progressive attack to larning. It enables practicians to construct on their ain personal accomplishments and cognition and enhance development within pattern. The EYFS ( DCSF, 2008 ) recognises the significance of planning and observation as a method to inform practicians, constructing on experiences of kids and sweetening of any learning chances. Activity `Bubble Balloons ( Appendix a ) Planing implemented to develop an activity that would back up the bing subject of work within the puting ` Conveyance ; In the Air , and old week`s observations was developed. Consideration was given to the development of different degrees of acquisition, with the inclusion of a lesson program to back up the original subject. A transcript of the lesson program was so given to the director who will detect the activity and do notes which will measure the success of execution, development of linguistic communication and any other relevant information. This activity was planned for execution within the chief room of the scene. A mixture of six kids aged three to five old ages old were invited to take part. The kids were given aprons to protect their apparels and the activity introduced by the practician. Different techniques, stuffs and procedures were modelled, and encouragement given to do independent picks. The intent of the activity was explained, depicting any learning purposes and relevancy of the activity to the scenes chief subject. An illustration of a finished merchandise was shown to help ocular consciousness of kids present. Opportunities to discourse the activity allowed the kids to set up lucidity of the adult`s outlooks. Following safety guidelines a cup and jug of H2O were placed on top of the tabular array and each kid given a straw. Children were asked to ab initio blow through a straw into a cup of H2O to set up their ability to blow and non suck. Following this appraisal the practician was able to determine which kids required the alternate schemes for the activity. The distinction of be aftering enabled less able kids to entree finger pigments and adorn balloon templets alternatively of bubble picture. It is the duty of early old ages suppliers to concentrate on each child`s separately larning development through the distinction of planning and guaranting positive attitudes to diverseness, as stated in the EYFS Statutory Framework ( DCSF, 2008 ) . The kids were encouraged to experiment by separately blowing through the straws into pots of colored pigments, pressing a clean paper balloon templet onto the pot detecting the assorted forms created. This procedure was so repeated edifice up the denseness of pigment onto the paper. This is an activity that is supported by the EYFS Early Learning ends for Knowledge and Understanding ( DCSF, 2008 ) , which encourage kids to research and look into stuffs utilizing all their senses as appropriate. Opportunities for the practician to detect the kids s reactions to the stimulations and note any `wow minutes enabled grounds to be collected and reflect on the result of the activity. Throughout the activity encouragement was given to speak about alterations of textures, colorss and different techniques used. When finished, kids offered thoughts and suggestions to what they could make next to better or widen the activity. Guidance and support of the practician was offered when required, enabling kids to input their ain thoughts promoting independent thought, assurance and development of cognitive accomplishments. Following this treatment the kids began to independently adorn square pieces of card utilizing a assortment of stuffs of their ain pick. With support from the grownup the kids attached the balloon templet to the `basket with a assortment of methods of their pick. Opportunities at the terminal of the activity were given to discourse as a whole the different methods used, and chances given for the kids to portion their finished `balloon . This allowed the kids to portion in their ain creativeness, ideas, feelings and thoughts with their equal group. This activity was observed, recorded and assessed throughout by the director of the scene. Notes were made of existent interactions for accurate survey. Use of appropriate linguistic communication and enlargement of linguistic communication was recorded and suggestions made to change or back up the pedagogical attacks used. An chance to discourse the findings with the director at a ulterior day of the month allowed a coaction of thoughts to be shared, and any advice given to be built upon and implemented in future pattern. Pedagogical Approachs Throughout the activity consideration was given to the linguistic communication used and chances for kids to interact freely through geographic expedition and experimentation. An debut to the activity giving clear, positive instructions and outlooks helped the kids to follow a clear guideline of the undertaking in front. This` patterning is identified in the Effective Early Learning ( EEL ) Project ( Pascal and Bertram, 2001 ) in the three key parts of grownup interaction which impact straight in a child`s acquisition ; effectual interactions, sensitiveness and freedom to larn and research independently. The debut of a finished merchandise gave the kids a ocular assistance to exemplify what was required. Ocular AIDSs illustrates a different attack that will back up communicating together with the spoken word. Bruner ( 1983 ) describes the relationship between grownup staging, larning and a child`s degree of linguistic communication development. However Trevarthan ( 1998 ) describes that without a child`s ain desire to larn or take part, advancement will be impaired necessitating practicians to develop an consciousness into back uping these demands, giving chances for kids to freely show their single purposes. Ocular AIDSs, organic structure linguistic communication, sharing and communicating all illustrate a holistic attack to acquisition and is encouraged within the chief rules of the EYFS Framework ( DCFS, 2008 ) . This is shown in the differentiating of be aftering for the activity for kids who have identified barriers to larning and whom may necessitate more big support. Through using a assorted and multi-sensory attack to larn, assorted pedagogical attacks have been illustrated. Using ocular, audile and haptic resources allow the kids to to the full take part in the activity in a composure, safe and structured environment. This can be shown through the child`s enthusiasm and involvement illustrated. This procedure is described as `VAK ; Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic AIDSs. ( DfES, 2004 ) Evaluation Of Manager ( Appendix B ) As shown in appendix B, the director has bullet pointed many positive facets for competent instruction and an ability to present a clear, precise but enlightening lesson was identified. The bringing of the lesson was highlighted and described as merriment and exciting, with kids eager to larn and take part. The usage of this type of communicating is described as `conversational staging , the importance of the practicians function in back uping and actuating the kids is reinforced through exciting the children`s involvements and empathy shown to their feelings and interactions. A belief illustrated in the Effective Early Learning ( EEL ) undertaking ( 2001 ) . The director was able to place that a deep apprehension into the methods and resources for the activity had been achieved through the debut of the lesson program, resources and ability to present a clear, but enlightening debut to the activity. The usage of different techniques and accomplishments introduced to the kids were identified leting the kids to research freely within their ain creativeness. Language was used to spread out the children`s thoughts and kids given encouragement to experiment at their ain degree of larning through grownup staging, and open- ended inquiries. The marks identified to better pedagogical attacks within pattern were to give the kids more freedom to reply, utilizing their equals to discourse their work and during this treatment to concentrate more on the inquiries given to the kids in order to let more kid led acquisition. Brooding Evaluation Following this activity I was able to stand back and reflect on my professional capablenesss and attack to the pedagogical methods used. I feel that I had successfully researched informations, implementing my ain acquisition accomplishments and cognition into the lesson program. The EYFS guidelines ( DCFS, 2008 ) were followed during the planning procedure, and developmental counsel taken into the proviso of age related marks for planning. A deep apprehension of any learning purposes was acquired in order to be after consequently for a child`s single developmental demands by following the EYFS model. Through treatment with co-workers the effectivity of the activity was evaluated and different pedagogical attacks discussed in order to develop professionally with the workplace. Throughout the activity an holistic attack to larning ensured that all the kids could freely pass on, believe about their purposes and heighten any physical accomplishments through their ain creativeness. Support and counsel was given when required promoting the children`s ain experimentation. This is a theory supported by Erikson ( 1963 ) whom believed that kids would make their full physical and rational potency leting a balance of larning chances and grownup intercession. Whereas Bruce ( 1991 ) identifies the importance of free drama to enable a kid to be in control without limitations. I feel that through the proviso of grownup support and chances for experimentation, a happy, safe and unafraid medium has been achieved within this activity. The purposes and aims intended for the activity were reached efficaciously, the kids aptly handled all the necessary tools and stuffs safely. A diverseness of acquisition was achieved through the distinction of planning, following with the rules identified in the National Curriculum ( DFEE,1989 ) get the better ofing possible barriers to larning by reacting and be aftering harmonizing to a child`s single acquisition with the inclusion of suited but accomplishable acquisition challenges. I found that the activity was successful, all wellness and safety issues were taken into consideration, kids were separately assessed to determine developmental capablenesss, and distinction in be aftering enabled all kids to take part in the activity harmonizing to single degrees of development. The activity seemed to flux along without any major changes and I was able to react and back up all linguistic communication and accomplishments required. I have established that the procedure of planning, ability to place certain developmental countries in demand of focal point, observation within pattern, group coaction and contemplation vital to my ain professional development. This method of contemplation is described by Schon ( 1983 ) as reflection- in- action. Decision Pedagogical attacks in the Early Old ages are indispensable in the proviso of effectual pattern. In order to advance teaching method, a practician must be able to show a good cognition and understanding into the rules, purposes and content of the EYFS model and successfully implement them within pattern. Planning, observations and appraisals are all influenced through the ability to accommodate purposes harmonizing to the holistic attack encouraged by the EYFS. An ability to understand a child`s single developmental demands and concentrate on appropriate larning aims assistance in the proviso of appropriate pedagogical resources, activities and interaction within the scene. Different theoreticians and authorities statute laws have influenced the bringing of the EYFS ; the Effective Early Learning ( EEL ) Project ( Pascal and Bertram, 2001 ) , National Curriculum ( DCFS, 1989 ) have impacted on the function of an early old ages practitioner through their different attacks to a child`s acquisition and development. A demand for on- traveling development ensures that all early twelvemonth practicians need to be cognizant of current policies and processs that may impact on pattern within the workplace. It has been established that through coaction with co-workers a better apprehension into different schemes would better pattern within the workplace and stairss to better these factors will heighten any farther professional development. Word Count ; 2,200 Mentions Department for Children, Schools and Families ( 2008 ) Practice Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Nottingham: DCFS Publications. Department for Children, Schools and Families ( 2008 ) Statutory Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Nottingham: DCFS Publications. Bruner, ( 1983 ) in Pound, L ( 2005 ) How Children Learn. London: Step Forward Publishing Ltd. Department for Education and Employment ( 1989 ) The National Curriculum. London: HMSO. Department for Education and Science ( 2004 ) Primary National Strategy Excellence and Enjoyment: Learning and Teaching in the Primary Old ages: Section 3- Diverse Learning Needs. London: DfES. Erikson, E ( 1963 ) Childhood and Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Pascal, C and Bertram, A ( 2001 ) The Effective Early Learning ( EEL ) Undertaking: Accomplishments and Reflections. London: House of Commons. Schon, DA ( 1983 ) The Brooding Practitioner: How Professionals Think In Action. New York: Basic Books. Trevarthan, C. ( 1998 ) The Child`s demand to larn a civilization in, Woodhead, M. , Faulkner, D. And Littleton, K. Cultural Worlds of Early Childhood. London: Routledge/ Open University Press.

Our Society after September 11, 2001 essays

Our Society after September 11, 2001 essays Our Society after September 11, 2001 On September 11, 2004 thousands of United States citizens and servicemen died at the hands of terrorists. In the beginning, the United States and the world grieved for the lost citizens and servicemen. Eventually, thoughts turned to retaliation as a means to strike back against the group that killed so may of their loved ones. After weeks of contemplation, President Bush announced that it was time to go to war to bring the terrorist to justice. Many people did not realize that the troops would still be fighting and defending themselves two years later. Watching Fahrenheit 9/11 gave me such a different view of the President and the war on terrorism. Fahrenheit 9/11 has a major impact on our society as it relates to the pipeline/Enron scandal, the amount of funds the Saudis have invest in the United States banks, the injured troops, and money that was cut from the troops and their family. Terrorist has been attacking various countries for decades, if not centuries. Most people believe that it was just a matter of time before they targeted America on a larger scale. The world has been fighting the war against terrorism for decades; it just doesnt seem to go away. For the last three and a half years or since the 9/11 terrorist attack, President Bush has pounded the thought that Sudam had weapons of mass destruction in the heads of the American people and yet no weapons have been found. President Bush has long announced that the war was over and the American Troops were in Iraqi solely to rebuild and to hand the new government over to the Iraqi people. Now, months after the new government was handed over to the Iraqi people, the troops are still stationed in Iraqi. Yet there has been more blood shed now than during the war. How can that be? Many people believe that the war is over oil and not Osama bin Laden and his weapons of mass destruction. ...

Coca Cola and Coffee House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coca Cola and Coffee House - Essay Example It should be noted that the Coca-Cola Company is highly regarded for its very effective and heart-warming television commercials. Maintaining this image, Coca-Cola Coffeehouse will initially invest in advertising its products through major television stations during hours of the day where the target market is likely to be in tuned with this media. Before the official opening of the Coca-Cola Coffeehouse and the release of its various products, television commercials will be strategically employed in order to inform customers of the new sensation to hit the town. Since, the business organization will initially focus on the Northern American market, the advertisements will feature the values and culture of the clientele. However, advertisments will vary according to the region where it is aired. Recognizing the huge potential of the internet as a medium in marketing goods and services, Coca-Cola Coffeehouse will also launch its own website. In this portal, the company will inform customers the variety and calorie content of its products. The website will also be used to inform customers where products are available. An online chat with Coca-Cola Coffeehouse's customer service representatives will also be available to address queries and other concerns. In order to intensify its efforts in promoting the products, Coca-Cola Coffeehouse will be aggressively promoting its products in magazines, newspapers, and other p

Critical Thinking Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking - Term Paper Example This culminates a lifetime series of gift exchanges between the father’s clan and the child. The newborn’s first three months are spent on a cradleboard in a supine position (as cited in Honigmann, 1961). Afterwards, the cradleboard is used only as a sleeping place. Finally, the cradle is discarded between six months and one year. Around two years of age, the child finds weaning with ease. Gradually, cleanliness or hygiene is taught to the child. The matrilocal household acts as the â€Å"agent of socialization† for boys up to age six and for girls virtually throughout their youth. Five-year-old Hopi children are more relaxed and carefree compared to the older Hopi children. Boys attain freedom by breaking away from the matrilocal-household family around five years of age (as cited in Honigmann, 1961). In this period, they spend more time in the fields, on the range, and in a religious structure known as kiva. The character of the early Hopi life is generally permissive (as cited in Honigmann, 1961). However, the limitation of their freedom lies in the interest of their bodily safety. Contrary to girls, the adjustment of boys to such restriction or limitation is quite difficult. This can be revealed through their reaction or behavior: to name two, thumb-sucking and temper tantrum (as cited in Honigmann, 1961). The underlying reason here is the difference of freedom given to boys and girls. Hopi boys are socially permitted to break away from their family while Hopi girls are confined within the walled house. The role of girls is restricted to staying close to home in performing their household tasks. Eventually, young men will marry and assume a â€Å"marginal position† (as cited in Honigmann, 1961). Women, on the other hand, will remain in their mother’s house even after marriage. Transition from childhood to youth is marked by the initiation of â€Å"Kachina cult† (a s

The impact of anti-abortion laws on women in North America Essay

The impact of anti-abortion laws on women in North America - Essay Example No society, religion, government or group has the right to push any woman into motherhood, unless one voluntarily and willingly intends to do so (Trib 14). Denying a woman the right to have an abortion is akin to pressurizing a woman into accepting a submissive and subservient role in the society. In such a scenario, the dominant ideologies and influences resort to exploiting pregnancy and motherhood as a tool to accord women a second class status (Trib 16). In case of the women, access to legal and safe abortion facilities is recognition of one’s fundamental right to have a control over one’s body. No individual or society has the right to control what happens to the body of an individual or what an individual chooses to do to one’s body to assure personal well being (Trib 17). In North American and especially in Canada and the US, the struggle against anti-abortion laws has been long and unrelenting, accompanied by both favorable and adverse impacts on the wome n in North America. Canada- Abortion Laws In the year 1869, the Canadian legislature passed strict anti-abortion laws (Tatalovich 23). ... The women who most suffered were the ones from small towns or rural areas (Tatalovich 29). In the year 1988, in a ruling famously known as the â€Å"Morgentaler decision†, the Supreme Court of Canada, repealed the harsh and draconian anti-abortion laws and declared them to be null and void (Tatalovich 53). The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that such anti-abortion laws amounted to an inequitable treatment towards women and interfered with the rights extended to them under Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Tatalovich 56). The Court observed that abortion constituted a Charter right of women, guaranteed under the right to life, right to liberty and the right to freedom of conscience (Tatalovich 56). The Canadian government tried to pass strict anti- abortion laws in 1990, but was forestalled by massive public protests and media outrage (Tatalovich 58). So, today Canada is the only country with no anti-abortion laws. The Canadian Experience In a post 1869 scenario, t he strict Canadian anti-abortion laws directly translated into untold and multifarious emotional and medical turmoil for women. Women having no access to safe and legal abortion resorted to unsafe and bothersome options. Not to say, a great proportion of the women having no option of a safe and legal abortion, willy-nilly reconciled with a forced and undesired motherhood (Faur 312). Things stood to be worse for those who owing to a lack of legal and safe abortion facilities, resorted to risky and unsafe abortion procedures, resulting in sever medical complications and many a times in death (Faur 314). Unsafe and botched abortions performed by quacks were the only option left to many, and this option was mostly loaded with severe

Creation Myths Essay Example for Free

Creation Myths Essay Creation myths are present in all cultures of the world, and while these stories reflect very different beliefs of creation, they also possess many similarities as well. Each culture from around the world has developed beliefs and cosmogony that help them to understand the most ancient and primordial of questions: where did we come from? Ancient civilizations bore stories of primitive worlds, gods, and creators who sprung forth to create the world we live in and who created the first man and woman. Experts have come to find that there are common themes of creation myths which all myths can be classified into; accretion and conjunction stories, secretion stories, sacrifice stories, division or consummation stories, earth-diver stories, emergence stories, two-creator myths, deus faber (the maker god), and ex nihilo (out of nothing). Some cultures usually bear more than one type of theme for creation. Two creation myths that bare similarities and differences are the Norse and Egyptian. The theme of Norse creation is based on accretion and conjunction, secretion, and two-creator myths, while Egyptian creation myths follow the themes of secretion, deus faber, and ex nihilo (Leonard McClure, 2004). Norse creation myths spring forth from the Swedish and Scandinavian cultures. The Norse myth begins in a world called Ginnunngagap, which was the earth before the heavens were created and before any living thing existed. In the Southern end of Ginnungagap was a land called Muspelheim, a fiery realm of fire and poison, and to the North was a land of ice and cold called Niflheim. The gods that came after, created Midgard which was the middle land born from the great Yggdrasil tree; a pleasant and habitable place for humans. The gods resided in a different realm in the center of the earth called Asgard; from Asgard, the gods watched over all of mankind. The elements that exist in these worlds are plants, soil, water, wind, mist, ice, and fire (Brancaccio, Tonk, Van Driel, Passantino, 2012). The world before time in Egyptian creation was called Nu. Nu was the dark swirling waters of nothingness and chaos. Atum the creator, a sexless being, sprung forth ex nihilo from the waters of Nu, and through secretion, bore a son and daughter who created earth and sky. Elements of this world are water, rain, earth, plants, and wind (Brancaccio, Tonk, Van Driel, Passantino, 2012). The creators in Norse mythology began with the first three beings; Ymir a male frost giant, Buri a male god, and Buri’s wife, the first goddess. Audhumla was the first animal who licked free from the ice Buri and his wife. Audhumla was also the one who gave Ymir sustenance through its milk. Buri and his wife the goddess, bore three sons; Odin, Vili, and Ve. These three sons killed and dismembered the giant Ymir, whose corpse then created the world. Ymir’s flesh became the land, his blood became the sea, skull became the dome of sky above, his bones became mountains, and his hair became the grass and trees. Odin then stole sparks of fire from the land of Muspelheim, to create the sun, moon, and stars. Destroyers of this world came later in Norse mythology with the introduction of other beings and giants that bring forth Ragnarok, the time of destruction of Midgard. Surt is the guard and giant of Muspelheim who destroys the heavens with his fiery sword. Hati and Skoll are wolves the chase the sun and moon, are the destroyers of these celestial beings. The frost giant Loki, along with Fenrir, and the World Serpent are also released by Surt to aide in the destruction of the world (Rosenberg, 2006). In Egyptian myths, the main creator was called Atum. He was neither male nor female, possessed an all seeing eye. He joined with his shadow and bore a son from his spit called Shu, and from his vomit, a daughter called Tefnut. Shu was made the god of air, and Tefnut the goddess of moisture, they were responsible for sorting out the chaos of the universe into a perfect balance called maat. These two produced children, one male and one female, Geb and Nut, who were then separated to create the earth and sky. Other gods were also created who each had an individual responsibility in creating maat, these gods were Isis queen of the gods, Hathor the goddess of love and beauty, Osiris the god of wisdom and justice, Seth the god of evil, Thoth the god of wisdom, and Nepthys the protector of the dead (Brancaccio, Tonk, Van Driel, Passantino, 2012). Cosmic occurrences in Norse creation played a great role in the creation of the first beings and the first world. The mingling of fire and ice caused the melting of a mountain which produced the first being Ymir, the frost giant. Celestial bodies such as the sun and stars were created of fire sparks from the Land of Muspelheim. The role of cosmic occurrences in Egyptian creation was expressed by celestial beings becoming the creators of natural phenomena. Nut the sky goddess gave birth to the sun every day, and also produced rain that fell upon the earth to grow plants. The cycle of rainfall, sunrise, and sunset were all thought to be produced by the gods. The similarities shared amongst the Norse and Egyptian myths were evident in the several aspects and themes. For one, both Creators Ymir and Atum, were deus faber meaning that they alone were the first creators, they also both arrived into their respective worlds ex nihilo, out of nothingness. Secondly, Ymir and Atum created other beings through secretion; Ymir created beings through his sweat, and Atum created man with his tears. In both myths, many lesser gods were created to govern over natural phenomenon, and played roles in the cycles of death and rebirth. The difference between the two cultural myths is the fact that Norse creation was born out of violence and violent acts. Gods were constantly in battle; the theme of good and evil play a large part in Norse myths. Egyptian myth presented the need to bring peace and order to the chaotic world of Nu. The gods and goddesses main role was to find balance and Maat. In conclusion, world creation myths have similarities as well as differences. The commonality between them all is that they serve to fulfill the same need which is the need to understand the world around us and understand our origins. Earlier cultures have pondered over the beginning and creation as we still do in this day and age.

Feminism Essay -- Feminism Sociology Essays

Feminism There has been a great deal of discussion over the Feminist & Gender Studies Program changing its name to Gender & Sexuality. The basis of this debate is over the exclusion of the word "feminist" from the title. It is important to question how this modification will affect the direction of the program and the feminist movement as a whole. The categorization of this area of study must be sensitive to the complex social issues it represents. Bringing the term "gender" to the fore-front, and focusing less on women, is a necessary "part of the attempt by contemporary feminists to stake claim to a certain definitional ground, to insist on the inadequacies of existing bodies of men" (Scott, 166). This new spotlight on gender and sexuality does not detract from feminism at all; rather it represents the next step in the evolution of the feminist movement. As Lacqueur stated, categorization "is an inescapable consequence of our biological makeup" (Lacqueur, 18). This is especially true in any college, where categories are institutionalized in order to help guide students along their academic path. It is hard to imagine academics as "a purely uncategorized and unconceptualized experience" (Lacqueur, 19). However, categories have a way of excluding some people, since people are diverse and do not fit into neat containers. This holds especially true with the Feminist & Gender Studies Program. The term "feminist" is a category that many students do not identify with because of its history of race, class, and sex. Some female students are not comfortable with its overtly confrontational ideas and do not want to be associated with the "man-hating" stereotype that is portrayed in society. African-American students can feel alien... ...ne society provided for me. I felt on the outside of feminism, because I thought my interests in boys, marriage, and motherhood was not included in its definition. After learning what feminism really was during my sophomore year, I discovered I was not on the outside after all. I have to admit that, at first, I was disappointed by the omission of the word "feminist" from the title of the program. At the time, I was just feeling at ease with my personal realization that I was feminist. I found myself feeling, once again, on the outside. I know after taking this class, that defining myself by any category is a wasted effort. The focus should be on who I am and not how well I fit into any category. I now understand why the only required course, one which concentrates on de-constructing gender, and the new focus of the program is the only thing that will save us all.