What role does equality play in socialist ideology Essay - 1

What role does equality play in societalist ideology - turn up ExampleUnder this ideology, social and economic surplus achieved through socialist philosophy is allocated to labourers in the working class equitably and where political and corporate systems become decentralised. Thus, under this pr shamical definition of socialism, equality not only plays a powerful role in socialist doctrine, it is the themeal imperative of the ideology.Equality, both socially and economically, underpins the foundation of socialist thought. Under most socialist models, the philosophy is an evolution from attempts to block or otherwise bring out from capitalist ideology which, during the 19th Century, began to dominate many international economies experiencing economic growth born of the industrial Revolution. Capitalism, by design, applauds the emergence of the profit-seeking corporation in which capital assets, including industrial machinery and factories, are controlled by either esoteric citi zens or private businesses (Degen 2008). Gains on capital assets and paid labour are then allowed to accrue to arrange the utility of private ownership supported by various pricing mechanisms as the foundation of parceling of capital goods (products and services) which is unequal depending on economic resources of the consuming public.Socialist ideology, on the other hand, especially with the much revolutionary Marxist school of thought, considers capitalism to be extravagant and utterly inefficient as tryst of capital goods produced is disproportionate to satisfying the needs of a broader society and labourers are deemed to be exploited to fix surplus of production is available for private owners. Socialists reject disparate allocation of produced and natural resources and prefer social ownership of capital assets to maximise the utility of majority society (Degen 2008). This is akin to a form of act utilitarianism in which maximising majority utility, even when requiring some self-sacrifice, are mandates (Hooker 2001 Kagan 1991). Thus,

MANAGING CHANGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MANAGING CHANGE - Essay ExampleThese achievements however, have been coupled with unlike drawbacks but with the application of economic theories with an illustration of the Contingency Theory such hurdles are to be tackled. The study provides recommendations on the various aspects that require adjusting for the economies to thrive even more.With the onset of the monetary crisis within the bygone decade, the financial markets in the Gulf region have undergone various changes and institutions and business entities have adopted raw(a) market strategies to counter the implications of the crisis. The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf countries (GCC) - Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE) are keen to improve their economic combat in the international market.From the early 1970s to the early 1980s the GCC member countries made significant developments in the financial front. The financial institutions were beneficiaries of the luc rative returns brought about by the abundant oil revenue. At the time up to the 1990s, the primary focus of the institutions was on short-term lending trade, building and construction and manufacturing. With the 1990s came global financial integration that entailed the carrying out of economic restructurings especially due to the effects of the Gulf war. Technological novelty and newfangled market strategies centred on consumer-based services were adopted. Following the Gulf war was a variation of loan problems in banks across nations affected by it.The financial set-up of the GCC has overtime faced a number of challenges that revolve around the augmented role of the private sector in the financial market, the high demand for new financial services and the aspect of global participation. Efficiency and productivity are therefore a principal headache in this modern age.The countries in the GCC have links with banks that are expansively

Psychiatric rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Psychiatric rehabilitation - Essay ExampleCase management, outreach, and assertive community preaching are methods of adult mental wellness services. This extensive spectrum is the unlimited power of community mental health in that it delivers choices and permits persons to have access the variety and type of services and care that they wish to have.The main determinative of dissimilarities between assertive Community Treatment (ACT) and Community Treatment (CM) studies is the confined bed administration procedures and job exercises. The organizational features of ACT that are commonly shared by CM crews are linked with decrease hospital care nonetheless the severe staffing projected for ACT does not have any blow on it. ACT is thus a dedicated form of CM, not a definitely dissimilar method. The advantage of introducing it usually depends on the state of existing local practice. Significant lessons on the need to position emphasis on treatments instead of structures appear not to have been studies. This is because Psychiatrys current excessive emphasis on service structures might have had involuntary results for the professional

M5a2 - research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M5a2 - research methods - study ExampleIn this way, the dependent variable crapper be defined as the variable that is not in the control of researcher. It foundation yet be measured and observed with reaction of independent variable.How stick out managerial decisions travel the quality of client process? Can a favorable customer service lead to customer loyalty? What is the significance of customer loyalty in relation to profits agnise by the organization?Decisions made by the managers with regards to a positive or negative reinforcement can affect employees attitude and behavior at work. Therefore, it is necessary to ask the question How management decision-making can affect the quality of customer service? This study assumes that a good customer service quality can lead to customer loyalty which then can create a positive effect oer the companys sales and profitability (Bell, Auh & Smalley, 2005). Therefore, it is necessary to ask the question Can a good customer service l ead to customer Loyalty? Basically, doing so will allow the researcher to demonstrate the truth behind the research assumption.Qualitative study is the method of research that evaluates the conclusion by only observations that were evaluated as the result of interaction with the people. The interaction may involve the utilization of a research questionnaire or just interviewing people about the topic. Results must have an interaction with the hypothesis that was made and questionnaire was created. Irrespective of numerical study that utilizes the scientific method qualitative study can only utilize the collection of selective information through various sources associated with the hypothesis. However, both the methods have to be utilized by considering the effectiveness of both the studies. At some place the qualitative approach are considered to be more appropriate as compared to the quantitative study.To determine how management decision-making can affect the quality of customer service and whether a good customer service lead to

The Human Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The homosexual Experience - Essay Exampleed my life around upon the realization that in life, anyone can be made vulnerable to a disease and be confined to the misery of excruciating thoughts and feelings of insecurity withal physical pain. Having surpassed cancer and being occasionally ill to this point has been such a humbling nonplus that it teaches me the way to joyful living despite the fact that humans possess only fleeting moments of earth on earth.With this physiological conflict, I learn to view things in a different light and put one over a more positive insight behind the principle of carpe diem or seizing each deviation day as if it were the last, for the essence of living occurs to be living in full measure and this is the mind I feel alive with enthusiasm as I venture to proceed with my studies in a manner of learning via creative rather than conventional approach. Equivalently, my tough encounters with sickness and slow recovery at some point has all the more in spired me to spend ample time with my family, close friends, perform service, and the civil air patrol whenever I can.Looking into the painting with analytical intent, one would observe that black lovage the Great quite reflects a figure of radiance instead of gloom, signifying that his monumental courage does not solely apply to fierce situations of combat among men fighting over territories and conquests to be won. The sight of Alexander in the marvelous craft of Siemiradzki is one that enables me to imagine bravery from within or that which depends not on the showcase of battle and what I have become out of illness I suppose resembles much of the undaunted scenario in which Alexander appears far from ceasing to be great that he even manages to extend his confidence to the be doctor at the time notwithstanding the dreadful case of his infectious disease. His aura in the masterpiece, to me, is emblematical of determination or fervent willfulness to live and conquer with which I could figure a pertinent connection of personally

Business Communication -successful communication between cultural Essay

Business Communication -successful colloquy between cultural sub-groups - Essay ExampleFurthermore, both internal and external communication of the organization is to be effective in pose for the business to succeed globally (Rosenhauer, 2009). Effective cross-cultural communication is, therefore, unmatched of the keys to success of a multinational business. As such, effective communication in a multinational environs requires both a sender and a receiver of a communicated capacity to give birth a commonalty understanding of the same message. However, as Rosenhauer (2009, p. 33) outlines, the complexity of intercultural or cross-cultural communication is that if sender and receiver befuddle a diametric cultural background, the chance of accurately transmitting of information is quite low. This means values, beliefs and norms that ar a characteristic of a certain culture may prevent that cultures instance form understanding the message correctly, even if both, a sender and a receiver, use one language. This spot of view is also supported by Gudykunst (2003) and Schmidt (2001), who argue that the more different the cultures be, the more difficult it is for different cultural sub-groups to understand each other. ... Furthermore, one of the most difficult aspects of cross-cultural communication is that, in order to convey a message to a representative of a different cultural sub-group, the communicator might have to provide some additional information related to the message, so that the receiver understands the message properly (Puffer, 2004). level if a sender and a receiver share the knowledge of the language they use, their understanding of the same message may be very different. This happens because the two people have different ways of thinking that are stipulated by the customs, systems, traditions and cultures of each. Commonality of these aspects, however, is necessary for effective verbal communication (Yamamoto, 1988). Jeanne Brett and Tetsu shi Okumura conducted a study that was aimed at find how much cultural differences define the results of intercultural negotiations. The researchers studies participants of negotiations between representatives of American and Japanese companies. The results showed that cultural differences do have an influence on negotiators goals, as well as the outcomes of negotiations. In particular, individualism of the US citizens, in contrast to socialism to the Japanese, showed to have an impact on the Americans views on the self, as well as individual goals that might be different from those of the group. The Japanese, being collectivistic by their culture, were following their groups interests only (Gelfand and Brett, 2004). Such differences found on the culture of the negotiators may lead to different information-sharing perspectives. However, problems in cross-culture

Management Contracting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Management Contracting - Essay eventGenerally, management companies wish to formulate standard form of nips as it has a wide range of farseeing term benefits. This paper will advise the client about the significance of having a decent announcement before getting strait into the construction work. It will also explain the impact of such claims on both the company and client. Since the client wishes to tie the arriveors down with low fixed prices and another(prenominal) similar restrictions, it is better to design an schematic standard form of contract. In the opinion of Beard, Loulakis, and Wundram (2001, p.347), the standard form contracts assist the parties to contract with economical and convenient way of mental process. The authors add that these types of contracts aid both the parties to minimise the costs associated with the lawyering for every posterior contract in the fundamental law of new projects (ibid). Since standard form contracts do not allow upgrade negoti ation on formed contracts, both the parties can take advantage of the reduced transaction costs. Similarly, this established contract reduces the possibilities of unforeseen anomalies and thereby it would help the client to save unexpected costs that may welcome in the future. The client gives great emphasis on time and it can be achieved by the formation of a standard form contract. ... When the project owner or client gives a valid word meaning to the offer, the contract comes into force. The court has developed some additional terms for the standard term contract in order to protect the interests of both the parties. It would be difficult for the large-scale construction management organisations to represent wear out contracts for every individual. Therefore, a standard form of contract helps the unassailable to escape from the troublesome difficulties of negotiation and other legal formalities. Similarly, it provides conveniences to client also. The standard form contract o bliges the firm to give reasonable admit to the client at proper times regarding necessary information. It is also held that the notice should be contemporaneous with the contract so that it would save the client from additional liabilities. Likewise, the client will be legally protected if the firm makes a fundamental breach of the contract on the strength of sub-clauses. In addition, the standard form contracts maintain many provisions that would satisfy the interests of both the parties. For instance, Murdoch and Hughes say that JCT SB 05 is a standard building contract which necessitates the appointment of an architect or contract administrator who has some strictly defined powers such as issuing of certain instructions on behalf of employer and also certification of payments, the quality of work, and the contractors performance (Murdoch & Hughes, 2008, p.106). In addition, it includes certain fluctuation clauses which save the parties from losses associated with fluctuations i n money market and changes in governmental regulations. There may be variations in labour prices, tax rates, and raw material costs which would

Teenage Pregnancy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Assignment Examplened the differences of youths who are school going in the urban minority and faced with the possibility of teen maternal quality, how teen pregnancies affect academics and the approaches that the schools can use in addressing the problem (Basch, 2011).The writer emphasizes that there is a lot of pressure that comes from teen pregnancy in influencing the outcomes of statement among teens. There are reported high cases of teen pregnancy especially among the urban minority youth. fit in to the research carried out school, based programs can be of help in equipping the teens with skills and knowledge the pauperism to be able to postpone sexual urge to later time in life, to practice safe sex, to negate unwanted pregnancies, and incase one becomes pregnant to go on and pursue education. There is an added advantage of the sex education in schools since the youth are protected from HIV and other infections, which can be gap amongst the youth as th ey engage in sex (Basch, 2011).The author carried out a research to boast an overview on teenage pregnancy and realized that almost a third of teen females in the U.S sire pregnant and once pregnant they face the risk of getting pregnant again. Compared to other western countries the author argues that in the U.S teenage pregnancies are high. When teens give birth especially when it is not intended they are extremely affected and it can be extended to the children they get. The minority youth have higher teen pregnancy cases than the white youths. Teen pregnancies affect education, health, and social aspects of children (Basch, 2011).Teens that get pregnant are in all likelihood not to concern with their education. Those who continue with their education face several obstacles such that their performance is highly affected. From research, it is clear that children who are born(p) to teen mothers are likely to become teen parents too. The research shows that children born to te en mothers are likely to become teen mothers since they probably live in

Contemporary Issues in OB Paper-Based on the article Essay

Contemporary Issues in OB Paper-Based on the article - canvass ExampleSome of these changes that are meant to improve the performance and communion at take on end up leading to negative effects. It is important for the managers and consultants to closely examine the changes being made and whether the intended effect is what is genuinely being provided (Nelson & Quick, 2006). If non, then further research is necessary in order to ensure the employees are not only comfortable in their workplace but they communicate frequently as well as this equates to increased performance in the long run.The article by Bernstein, (2015) is explaining how the enhancer in the office distance which is meant to encourage accountability, openness as well as facilitate sharing of knowledge and information whitethorn not be working. This transparency has led to productivity problems instead, such as reduced overall communication amongst employees as well as affects negatively creative team performanc e. People are oft much distracted than they originally were which inwardness slight work is being carried out than before the openness and transparency in the office.The article is further discussing how employees performance is suffering as a result of the increase in evaluation of their performance. Evaluation of performance is a good thing but when there is too much evaluation, then it hinders the ability of the employees to concentrate on their work as they are constantly worried virtually the evaluation. The evaluation tendencies miss the whole point of just giving feedback and become much more uttermost(prenominal) eventually destroying the very performance they aim to examine and improve.Lastly, there is discussion about how transparency leads to less sharing of ideas and criticisms due to the open that has no restraints at all. When there is a little privacy amongst the employees, it means that whatever work the employees are carrying out will be theirs privately and h ence they will work effectively on it without fear of

The Battle for Stirling Bridge Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Battle for Stirling Bridge - Case Study ExampleEmployees ar the superior stakeholders of the company. Employees work towards the objective of the company. The skilled metal workers of the Stirling Bridge Company manufacture power tools including the Braveheart tools and separate light and heavy industrial machinery and thus they exert their sphere of regularize in maximizing the profit. Employees ar the superior stakeholders of the company. Employees work towards the objective of the company. The skilled metal workers of the Stirling Bridge Company manufacture power tools including the Braveheart tools and early(a) light and heavy industrial machinery and thus they exert their sphere of influence in maximizing the profit. Customers Customers exemplify a major role in the development of the organization as they are the consumers of the product produced by the company. The customers influence the company by giving feedback about the quality of the product. Suppliers Raw mater ials are the main resources of an organization. Suppliers give up the necessary raw materials and influence the continuous production of the tools. Government The organization should get the approval of the brass before commencing its productions. The concern should abide by the rules and the standard acts imposed by the Government. The Government has full effectiveness to take legal action against the company if any of its activities harm society. Thus each of the stakeholders exercises their own influence in different areas of interest in the company thereby promulgating the production to a profitable extent.2. How superpower the actions of Stirling Bridge, with respect to its Braveheart line of tools, be regarded more as a stakeholder approach as opposed to a strict shareholder approach and which of Lantos types of Corporate Social Responsibility might be demonstrated by each of the actions taken?

Philosophy of Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy of experience - experiment ExampleSecondly, his ideas on scientific imperialism are viewed as being important in the argument against science. in that location have been numerous studies showing that the use of science in the societal setting has not forever been advantageous. In fact, there are some studies that show that scientific legitimacy was used to establish unneeded and unpopular initiatives on populations.Thirdly, conflicts arise between well- established scientific theories leading to confusion in their reading and application. He states that Newtonian perspectives on the concept of gravity were rebellious as it went against Galileos beliefs. This shows that science is evidently an ideology that society should be shielded from (Feyerabend 65). Historians support Feyerabands claims by stating that prominent scientists in the old including Galileo would probably oppose the modern day science.According to Feyerabend, science should be reformed and it should also be less authoritarian. Science is a treasured source of knowledge and should not be contaminated with ideologies of distinguishable kind. All ideologies should not be taken too seriously and if possible, it would be beneficial if it was read as fairytales. Science should be formally separated from the state just as the church is separated from the state. Science may be influential to the society but only within the limits in which the political and some other pressure groups are permitted to exert influence on the society. Science is not a closed admit but it is an intellectual discipline where examination and criticism of ideas can be done by anyone.The variety meat of state should therefore not hesitate to reject or criticize the scientific inventions when the need arises (Feyerabend 61). The upshot of the view, as I see it, would be that the government should not be allowed to fund scientific research. This is because, when allowed to move with research, past examples have shown that governments are

Two Page Paper on The tragic Massacre at VA Tech to be completed in Essay

Two rascal Paper on The tragic Massacre at VA Tech to be completed in APA data formatting - Essay ExampleHe was even investigated by the guard twice after apparently stalking fellow two students (Griffin, 2007). After expressing suicidal tendencies to his roommate who reported the incident, he was diagnosed as an imminent danger to himself or others as a result of mental illness and incapable of biding or unwilling to volunteer for treatment and was ordered by the Montgomery County to be an outpatient of Cook Counseling Center, which is located on-campus (CNN, 2007 Setrakian and Shaylor, 2007). The question straight is, did he go for treatment? The issue is most probably no as people failed to exist up on this (Setrakian and Shaylor, 2007). Hence, they failed to recognize the signs and symptoms of a ferocious breakdown.With so many people knowing that at that place is something wrong with Cho , with the police having already investigated himnot once, but twiceand with a cou rt-ordered psychiatric treatment, how did they miss his violent tendencies? Why was the proper intevention not applied to him? How was he able to legally purchase two guns? The answer to these questions lies in the fact that professors, administrators, law enforcement officers, the state court, and other government departments failed to communicate with each other. The bottom strain is that no one knew all the information and no one connected all the dots (New Scientist, 2007). Each was dimension an important piece of the puzzle however, there was no communication between them and so, the pieces remained isolated from each other. For instance, the police failed to communicate to campus authorities about their investigation of Cho likewise, the court neglected to let the university know of their diagnosis and decision. These think incidents were also not inputted into the National Instant Criminal Background Check System this is why

Old Man Coyote Makes the World- Crow Story -American Indian Myths and Essay

Old Man brush wolf Makes the World- Crow Story -American Indian Myths and Legends - Essay ExampleThis channelise of communication and mutual understanding was evident from the very beginning of the story where Old Man Coyote wanted someone to talk to quite than someone to rule over. In his discourse with the ducks, He want their advice rather than impose his own will upon them. Addition bothy, Old Man Coyote is not the all cognise creator which is commonly presented in western mythos since he does not know if there is anything in the humans other than water, he does not unconstipated know that ducks can stay underwater for a extensive period of time. The image of the creator matches the idea of a very powerful being, but the being is not all knowing.Moreover, Old Man Coyote is not very well acquainted with many antithetical ideas of society and social existence which were taught to him by other creatures. For instance, he does not understand war or the need for was as a soci al conflict that allows certain problems to be settled once and for all or as a means to improve a persons social standing. Cirape is the extension which comes across as the individual which has the wisdom of a god but does not have the medium to put his thoughts into action.Finally, the relationship which the creator animal has with other animals brings about an image of a united family since the characters hook each other as younger and elder brothers. The image of family is essential to the progress of the storyline since even characters that are not cooperative and act in hostility are not killed off or banished. The case of the Bear is a predominant one since his rebellion does not take him to hell rather he is supposed to hibernate for the winter months while the other animals can stay awake.In conclusion, the installation story of the native American mythology is an interesting work since it does give significant insights into native American agriculture as well as the r elationships that a society should have as a result of spare-time activity that particular culture. Of course

Women and Child Welfare and Development Ministry Essay

Women and Child Welfare and Development Ministry - Essay ExampleA classic employ of color technique has been significantly and vigorously applied in the dresses worn by the characters in the ad to demarcate between the sexes male and female in a distinctive manner. However, the simple but wrong words used in the ad are particularly catchy (the hook).The positioning (layout) of the parents on the sides with their lady friend at the focalize portrays a protective and guidance role bestowed upon parents to the upbringing of their young ones. The relative sizes of the images in the ad are unequal. The parents are relatively taller than their daughter (placed at the center), perhaps to reinforce their positions as the center of admiration and modeling. The inclusive features of the ad authoritatively expose (purpose) to the parents/guardians (the target audience) the likely inflicted injury to young brains force by what they hear around them. Children, especially those at the age of school beginners, are usually really attentive to the happenings around them. As a matter of fact, parents/guardians become the initial locus of attention to their children sooner spreading their wings during later stages of development. Thus, whatever they do or say has the possibility of having a unchangeable impact in the life of a child. Being the target audience, the inappropriate words in the ad are specifically associated with them adults. Indeed as expected, the perceptiveness of a young mind is clearly at work picking and retaining whatever crosses the ear into the brain (role of the text). Through the ad, a lad pours out what is in the mind a clear indication that what is absorbed from the surrounding environment influences thoughts. Evidently, a child is non just a passive member of a family but an active partaker of what the environment offers (message). Without a doubt, the ad calls on the parents/guardians (message) to keep watch over their utterance to avoid imp arting negative traits to those downstairs their

A New Foreign Owner of Liverpool Football Club About How the Club's Coursework

A New overseas Owner of Liverpool Football Club About How the Clubs Fans Might Be Segmented - Coursework ExampleThe owner withal plans to find out the appropriate ways of reaching out to their section and targeted fans. The present economic crises, the forbidding debt of the orderliness and the growing expenses have called for the need of steady revenue generation which could only be attain with the help and support of the loyal fans of the club. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 skeleton Background of the Issues 5 Analysis of the Issues 6 Conclusion and Recommendations 9 Summary 10 References 11 Bibliography 13 Introduction The Liverpool Football Club was acquired by John W. Henry in the year 2010 and he is right off the present owner of the club. The present owner has been planning to categorize the fans of the club in term of merchandising segmentation. Along with the segmentation, the owner is also planning to look and develop strategies that would help the clu b to reach those segmented fans. Targeting the fans was important so as to boost the sales of the club which was considered important for encounter up the expenses of the club as comfortably the dues. The club was already under a heavy debt and its increasing expenses in terms of holding on and maintaining the players and also the alterations in the codes of tax have compelled the owners to seek for ways so as to augment the revenues. The club has a stadium which is situated in Liverpool itself and is also pursuing the construction of an surplus one (This Is Anfield, 2011). Segmenting the fans and seeking for efficient strategies to reach them would prove to be helpful for the club to build strategies which in turn is most likely to generate revenue from them (Westerbeek & Smith, 2003). Brief Background of the Issues The recent economic crisis make it clear that professional football was in jeopardy. The football clubs that were considered as over-committed could not escape from the shackles of this crisis. This made the stakeholders acknowledge that the clubs should be operated or functioned like financially sound trading companies rather than recreational units (Butenko, 2010 Boyle & Haynes, 2004). It was identified that a football club which had a strong support was not considered to be a throwaway come with with regard to other industries. The football clubs, in order to survive the economic crisis, meet up with the go expenses and maintain their honored reputation, required the strong support of their loyal fans. It has become a fact that the porta between the supporters and the clubs has been augmenting which was posing to be a great challenge for the clubs to earn revenue. Therefore, it has become vital for the clubs to circle with the increasing distance on an urgent basis so as to keep on the supporters pour in. This would facilitate the clubs to establish an indispensable source of financial support which would help the clubs to overcome the present crisis as well as earn enough proceeds needed for the functioning of the clubs (Garland & Et. Al., 2000). The Liverpool Football Club was discovered to encounter a similar problem in terms of earning revenue and meeting its expenses as well as existing liabilities. The necessity of revenue generation made the owners of the club plan to segment their fans in terms of marketing and seek suitable ways of approaching them (This Is Anfield, 2011). Analysis of the Issues The Liverpool Football Club was already known to be in heavy debt while changing hands. The new owners of the club were responsible for meeting the debt liabilities along with the usual expenses of the club. Acquiring

Ethical and psychological Egoism Essay Example for Free

honourable and psychological Egoism EssayEgoism is the surmisal suggesting that the motivating and goal of a particular action is the self. Egoism in a general context has two variants, normative and descriptive. The theory of the descriptive variant suggests that egoism as a factual description of human affairs and cannot be described any new(prenominal) way (Moseley, 2006). The normative side gives a conception that individuals should be motivated, without reflection to their current state of motivation (Moseley, 2006). The two variants conflict in principle alone which insinuates a argumentation on the rightness or wrongness of particular human acts throughout history. honorable Egoism Ethical Egoism is a normative ethical standpoint which implies moral people should act in conformance to their self-interest. Ethical egoism has three formulations soulal, individual and universal (Waller, 2005). Individual ethical egoism stresses that a person should do what is most b eneficial to them (Waller, 2005). Personal ethical egoism suggests that actions should be grounded on a persons give birth self-interest without concern to what others around him should do, while the concept of universal ethical egoism holds that everyone should act in the basis of their have got interests (Waller, 2005).All in all, virtues that suffice an individuals self-interest is egoistic, otherwise it is non-egoistic (Waller, 2005). The strong version of Ethical egoism suggests that the promotion of an individuals own good is moral, not promoting ones own good is deemed as immoral (Moseley, 2006). The worn down version still holds that morality is the promotion of ones own good, however, it does not necessarily mean that it is immoral (Moseley, 2006). at that place are just implications of conditions that the evasion of personal interest has a possibility to be moral (Moseley, 2006). mental Egoism Psychological Egoism, on-the-other-hand, posits that every human action has an underlying selfishness, and even altruistic acts have familiar selfish motivations (Hazlitt Cook, 1991). Psychological Egoism is a form of egoism under the descriptive variant, suggesting how people should go about themselves. The principles of psychological egoism and its assumtive nature are acquainted to several criticisms that are very all important(p) (Moseley, 2006).The fallacy of Psychological EgoismThe detractors of Psychological Egoism ground its fallacy on the rejection of the notion that the theory is flawless, that it is structured in such a way that it cannot be approved or disapproved (Hazlitt Cook, 1991). It is evident on the Psychological egoists advocacy that altruism is a mere act of acquiring a good touch perception for doing altruistic actions. In a broader scenario, the person doing an act, either selfish or altruistic, is doing what interests him or her which makes the act in conclusion selfish (Moseley, 2006).In another note, the fallacy of psycholog ical egoism lies in the suggestion that people all do what makes them feel good. In this context, the description of a Psychological egocentric may project an unselfish person (Moseley, 2006). Furthermore, there is confusion in the concept of psychological egoism found in the objective lens of desire and the subsequent results of the fulfillment of that desire (Moseley, 2006). The Difference between Psychological and Ethical Egoism It is of vital importance to distinguish the two from one another since the two forms of egoism conflict in advocacy, motivation and goal.Ethical Egoism per se, postulates that the promotion of an individuals own good conforms to the standards of morality (Waller, 2005). In contrast to the Psychological Egoist claim that focuses on how people act, not on how they ought to act. The doctrine of motivation for Ethical Egoism lies indoors self-interest, while Psychological Egoists are motivated by the rational self-interest, even in an act that tends to b e altruistic in nature. Self-Interest and Selfishness Self-interest is defined as an agent that stimulates an individuals concern over a particular issue or matter.Self-interest is the element that governs human action. Selfishness, meanwhile is the devotion to satisfy ones own end and interest. It is simply an individuals concern for personal welfare. Philosophically, the two terms may be synonimous to each other as the two terms may refer to the placement of personal needs above others, however, self-interest and selfishness can be deemed independently as self-interest is a subjective element in a persons perspective which can be directed to the self or for others.

Industrial Revolution In Great Britain Essay Example for Free

industrial transition In dandy Britain EssayThe industrial rotation touched all over the world with an unprecedented degree deliv datence their economic, social, political and cultural spheres in its domain. Started in England in 18th and 19th degree Celsius, it brought a complete channelize to the economy of England transferring it from agrarian to industrial Economy. All the important centers were flourishing with the Mills and factories, and solid of England hummed with the rattle of looms and the godsend of weaving machines. It was a period of intellectual thoughts and scientific innovations. Science once a sealed concord saved to an elect a couple of(prenominal) was democratized, and more and more scientific enthusiasts dedicated themselves to the popularization of scientific whole kit like Darwins origin of species. The man of science was no longer an academic recluse, but a social figure exercising a deep and profound influence on the social and educational life of the age. industrial revolution also swept with its broom of scientific aims, the old conventions of the England, European and American Society.As Harold Perkin said, the industrial renewing was no mere sequence of changes in industrial techniques and production, but a social revolution with social causes as well as profound social effects. 1 tally to an Economic historian, In 1960 it was England which first brought into effect, The takeoff into self-sustained growth. 2 Till the end of the nineteenth ampere-second England was the Workshop of the World, and after that Germany, Japan and United States took over. Over and above Industrial Revolution also reflected the talent of man to overcome nature. 1.The History return Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, finale Revised October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. hypertext markup language 2. ibid. In 17th cent ury Father of Modern Science, Francis Bacon (1561-1626) even said that natural philosophy which is called as Science could be utilise to solve all the practical problems faced by man. He raised the question how the man could affect perfect freedom if he had to labour to supply the necessities of existence and the answer was obviously, with the help of machines.These devices could free the world from excessive pressures of labour, which could be utilized in some other useful and productive purpose. 1 In 1745, Benjamin Franklins Fluid theory was a scientific revolution which led to the birth of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s. This Fluid theory was also called as Franklins theory of the Matter of electrical energy and of Heat. after that there were spurt of inventions that led the world to take the shape where we are sitting now. 2 When the Industrial revolution was at its adolescent stage, the important source of power that was commonly used was ember followed by Iron and Steam.They were predominantly in use by brewing, metalworking, and glass and ceramics industries. The English industrialist Abraham Darby used high-carbon, which was born-again form of coal and produced iron from iron ore. This coke became a good substitute of charcoal and the coat makers used coal and coke abundantly to produce raw iron, bar iron, and other metals. 3 The invention of Steam engine to pump wet was the greatest invention ever, which was first invented by an English engineer Thomas Savery in 1689 to pump water from mines. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen invented its improvised version. 4 1.The History Guide Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, Last Revised October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. hypertext mark-up language 2. Microsoft Encarta On linage Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedi a_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. htmlhowtocite 3. Edward Lewis, Introductory Essay Is It Possible to prognosticate Scientific and Economic Development? The Periodic merchandise of Rationalized Phenomena and the Past Periodic Depressions, April 16, 1999 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//cust38. metawerx. com. au/rusart. html 4. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. htmlhowtocite James Watt, a Scottish engineer formed an applied science partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton in 1775, which was a major step in Industrial Revolution and turn up as creative technical center for British economy. 1 The Industrial Revolution also owes a good deal to the development of Textile Industry. In 1733, John Kay invented a flying shuttle, which mechanized the process of weaving.By 1770, British inventor and industrialist James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenn y, which spines larger number of threads at once, and Richard Arkwright invented water-powered spinning machine, which allowed single old maid to develop various strands of yarn at one go. belatedly and slowly machines run by water or steam filled large, new move and factories. The results of these inventions were the emergence in the output of goods per worker. Now a single spinner or weaver can churn out the volumes of yarn or material as compared to earlier workers. This achievement of Man was a milestone in the human history.2 Industrial revolution was started in Wales in the second half of the 18th century, but as it was predominantly an agrarian economy, there was very little progress. Around 1811 the inhabitants of 79 out of the 8,800 villages of Wales were still dependent on the agriculture. Slowly and slowly, during the reign of Elizabeth 1 Industries started began to sprung up for e. g. Iron making in Pontypool and Bersham, lead and silver mining in Flintshire and Ca rdiganshire, dogshit smelting in Neath and Swansea and coalmining in west Glamorgan and lintshire and changed the whole economy of Wales.With the adoption of crop rotation, the use of lime, the bourn of wasteland and the development of proto-industrial production, especially in the woolen industry, there was significant progress. And as soon as 18th century approached there were 19 metalworks at Holywell, 14 potteries at Buckley, cotton lingers at Holywell and Mold, lead and coalmines at Bersham saw the dawn of the new era. 3 1. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution.htmlhowtocite 2. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007, ibid. 3. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007, http//www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/ body politic/pages/industrial_revolution01. shtml Corts puddling process, which was invented in Wales in 1784, was responsible for the increase in the rate of iron production and became so popular in Wales that it came to be known as the Welsh method. Bersham also invented cylinders, which were predominantly used in Watts engines and the ironworks being carried out in South Wales.In Wales only the first experiment of Locomotion was conducted and also supplied fuel for steam engines. 1 The new era of railways started in Wales only with Richard Trevithick, a Cornish engineer, who on 21st February 1804, ran a steam engine from Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon. This fill pulled 10 tons of iron and seventy passengers who jumped on it to take their first ride in the World, 2 later it was embraced by George Stephenson who was an engineer in the mining industry. He started the steam engines that pulled wagons up from the pit face. After this development he built a locomotive in 1814.George Stephenson was also appointed as a chief engineer of first railways between Stockton and Darlington. He later manufactured the famous Rocket, between Manchester to Liverpool line in 1830. 3 Though this Industrial revolution brought material approach and Industrial progress til now spread the social unrest and economic distress. On one hand it created the privilege class of capitalists and mill owners but also brought in its wake the semi starved and ill class of labourers. As and as there were increase in Factories the people were shifting towards cities and towns.The cities increased to more than 20,000 and of Wales increased from 12 in 1800 to 200 at the end of the century. 4 1. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007, http//www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/industrial_revolution02. shtml 2. Wisdom and walks in the valleys of Southwales, Heroes of the Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. wisdomandwalks. co. uk/products. asp? ProductID=1 3. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Inventions that fuelled the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. schoolshistor y. org.uk/IndustrialRevolution/inventions. htm 4 David E. atomic number 7, Industrial Revolution-Effects Of The Industrial Revolution Science Encyclopedia Vol. 3 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//science. jrank. org/pages/3574/Industrial-Revolution-Effects-Industrial-Revolution. html This abject suffering, which labor class had to go by dint of was an edible proof of the fact that Industrial Revolution was more of a curse than a boon. The whole landscape of Wales gave a look of devastated Waste Land with coal -mines, factories and mills churning out steams lessen the beauty of the nature to the elbow edge.The safety devices were very meager causing deaths and accidents. There were every yr 43,000 cases of widow hood, and 112,000 cases of destitute orphanage in England and Wales alone. 1 With all this the growing importance of masses and the large number of Factory hands gave a spurt to the Reform Bills in the form of Factory Acts to glide by some relief to the children and women. 2 The Industrial revolution also opened the doors for women now finding their gift in textile Industries, work shops and even in coal mines. In Wales the population in the tap sector became three times more.3 Group of Non-conformist quarrymen constructed a chapel in their working field of operations which they called by the name of Bethesda and it went on increasing with the population of 8,291 in 1881 in the Parish of Llanllechid compared to 1332 in 1801. 4 The backing standard of the people had also considerably changed and they were living in either cottagers, or stone strewn slopes, such as Cilgwyn, or living in terraced houses, such as in Bethesda or Blaenau Ffestiniog. Only few had gardens and pigsty at the other end of the house. The wages of workers varied between 8d (3?p) to 1/- (5p) per day and the copper miners at Mynydd Parys were getting from 1/- to 1/8 per day. 5 1. Everything 2, The Industrial Revolution Blessing or curse for the working class? Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http//everything2. com/index. pl? node_id=983010 2. Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http//www. fatbadgers. co. uk/Britain/revolution. htm 3. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions. htm 4.Women in History World, The Plight of Womens Work in the EarlyIndustrial Revolution in England and Wales Retrieved 23 April , 2007 http//www. womeninworldhistory. com/lesson7. html 5. Slatesite, The History of Quarrying The Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http//www. llechicymru. info/IHistindRev. english. htm Both the Industrial Revolution and Scientific advancement brought a complex society with social problems on one hand and democratic consciousness on the other. There was a conflict between aristocracy and plutocracy as well as democracy and socialism.The utmost vestige of personal government and divine rights of rulers vani shed and the House of Commons became the ruling power.WORKS CITED1. bbc. co. uk, Wales History, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. bbc. co. uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/industrial_revolution01. shtml 2 Everything 2, The Industrial Revolution Blessing or curse for the working class? Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http//everything2. com/index. pl? node_id=983010 3. Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http//www. fatbadgers. co. uk/Britain/revolution. htm 4.Lewis Edward, Introductory Essay Is It Possible to Predict Scientific and Economic Development? The Periodic Production of Rationalized Phenomena and the Past Periodic Depressions, April 16, 1999 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//cust38. metawerx. com. au/rusart. html 5. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007, Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761577952_5/Industrial_Revolution. htmlhowtocite 6. Newton E. David, Industrial Revolution-Effects Of The Industrial Revolution Science Encyclopedia Vol. 3, Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//science.jrank. org/pages/3574/Industrial-Revolution-Effects-Industrial- Revolution. html 7. Slatesite, The History of Quarrying The Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http//www. llechicymru. info/IHistindRev. english. htm 8. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions. htm 9. SchoolsHistory. org. uk, Inventions that fuelled the Industrial Revolution Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. schoolshistory. org. uk/IndustrialRevolution/inventions.htm 10. The History Guide Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History, The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England, Last Revised October 11, 2006 Retrieved 23 April 2007 http//www. historyguide. org/intellect/lecture17a. html 11. Wisdom and walks in the valleys of Southwales, Heroes of the Industrial Revolution, Retrieved 23 April 2007 htt p//www. wisdomandwalks. co. uk/products. asp? ProductID=1 12. Women in History World, The Plight of Womens Work in the EarlyIndustrial Revolution in England and Wales Retrieved 23 April, 2007 http//www. womeninworldhistory. com/lesson7. html

The Effect On the Viewer of the Film Twister Essay Example for Free

The Effect On the Viewer of the Film Twister EssayIn this essay I am going to consider the effect on the viewer and discuss how the pic creates suspense at the beginning of the film Twister.The background was just grey clouds that suddenly got swept away. whole the effects be computer generated. Behind a classical song you could hear the sound of gushing slew and thunders. This was make to set the right atmosphere for the film.The title crack is an American saying for a cyclone. Cyclone is a much geographical word that would be used as a title for a documentary. The word twister gives us to a greater extent of an idea of what the movie is ab by.The letters of the title get swept away. This also sets an atmosphere of the film. The television television camera tardilyly focuses on the title with a background sound of a low slow sound as it gets closer and closer to the title. This keeps the viewer in suspense as the film starts.The opening shots of the film were the su rroundings of the farm. It is all at different times as well. The first shot was in the morning where the sky was all blue, the second shot was a lake with woods in the background, the birds were singing and the frogs were croaking. This indicated a peaceful countryside. The next shot was of dark clouds and nightfall had begun, you could hear the crickets singing as the storm approached. The buy the farm shot was of thunder and howling winds. It sounded like there was no life left on the farm. All the wildlife had disappeared. This gave the viewing audience an impression that several(prenominal)thing was going to happen.The farm domiciliate has trees surrounding it with lighting striking above the house. This makes the house seem sinister. When the camera shows the viewers, inside the house it changes the viewers opinions into thinking that it is not the house that is sinister its the movie, because it shows us a untried girl sleeping peacefully next to a hound dog. The dog rep resents peace and a cozy family. there were pictures on the walls that add that cozy atmosphere of the house.It was a family of three and a dog. The mother and child were drowsing(prenominal) upstairs with the dog the father was drinking tea watching the news. When the warnings came on the T.V. the farmer gets his wife and child. This gives the viewers to a greater extent information about the film. The presenter on the news talks about the surrounding states that incur been struck by this cyclone.The mood suddenly changes. The dog starts to whine and the mother rushes in to get the piddling girl out of the house. The mood changes from calm, peaceful and homely to frantic, stressed and hectic. The father shouts orders as the family tries to get out of the house as quickly as possible. We need to get down to the storeroom NOW This caseful of atmosphere creates tension amongst its viewers. To give the viewers empathy the mother had flowers on her nightgown and the little girl had teddy bear bears on it. The little girl was worried about what was going on, and the mother was saying things like strike on sweetie and Mummys got you. These words were used to pity the viewers. This gives the viewers suspense into getting the family out of the house for safety.The father rushed them to the storeroom. The trees were falling behind them leaving the dog behind. As they were rushing to the storeroom they were head a toy tractor. This would make the viewers think about the playful child that might not live through the big storm.Just as they left the house the camera focused on the television telling people in that area to find shelter.As they were speed to the storeroom the camera focused on the trees falling down on to cable wires and memory board tanks. On the side of the storage tanks they said express oil LTD. This added to more fear to its viewers. This do the film seem more savage. When they were running the mother kept on looking behind her to see if any trees were falling near her. This tells the viewers that the family was running from the fierceness and savageness of the storm. As if some monster was after them and they were running for their lives. To add more tension the chickens were running around helplessly as if they had just had their heads cut off. To give the viewers more of an idea of how hard the wind was blowing the camera focused on the wind ventilator above the storeroom. In the first scene it focuses onto a farmhouse..When they were in the storeroom they had left the dog outside. This was done to create some distress to its viewers. The dogs name was Toby. This is used to create some sympathy over the dog. It would be different if the dog were called Rex because the name isnt as soft as Toby. Rex represents a fierce character and Toby represents a slick cuddly character.In the store room the family was very tense. You could see that because the camera focused on to severally one character one by one. First the d og who was barking, then the mother and child who were holding each other with fear. Then the father who was putting all his strength into hold the door closed. The family looked scared and helpless. When they loose the door there was two sides of atmosphere. On one side there was danger with gushing wind and loud thunders. On the other side was safety with a quiet family that was helpless.They were sweating from nervousness. The camera had a close up of the doors hinges coming loose. The door was shaking violently and there were loud thunders that sounded like growls. This made it seem as if they were trapped and nowhere to go and the dark side was trying to get in scratching, pulling at the door.The father was holding the door, but the hinges were about to come off. He shouted, I sky hold it any more As it got louder and louder as the eye of the storm was getting closer and closer. He said this several times. This was to keep the viewer in suspense because they knew the door cou ld come off at any moment. As he was saying this, the lighting was giving the room a short flare up of light.This film creates a lot of suspense. This is done to keep the viewer interested throughout the whole film. In a review of the film it was described as only one word, Intense. The films effects were very unrealistic according to geologists. Unlike some films twister got right to the point. Every cyclone they predicted they were correct. In real life you take out more cyclones than you encounter them. I think the suspense and distress was the key thing in the film and without it, it would be a very successful movie.

4 Paragraphs Essay Example for Free

4 Paragraphs Essay-My room is in a mess because I had a companionship with my best friends last night. I have to clean my room before my mom arrives from work. The to a lower placewear is suspension on the lamp, my books are all jammed in the closet, the scarf is beneath the TV and my shoe is under the bed.-We have the best cafeteria, they offer different type of foods, the food menu is so big it consists of Arabian, Indian, American, Mexican and Chinese food. They have a special Indian dish called Chicken Tekka Masala its a dish of roast chicken chunks in a spicy sauce. Break steady Burritos is a special Mexican food that contains Eggs, bacon, salsa, forge cream and cheddar cheese wrapped in a flour tortilla, hot sauce is optional. My darling dish in the cafeteria menu is Shawarma, its an Arabian food made with chicken and bread.See much Distinguish between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping Essay-David is a dangerous driver, I hate the substance he drive s the car, he either drive too slow or too fast. One mean solar day we were in the Himalayan mountains, he was behind the steering driving uphill, he was driving so fast we almost fell of the cliff. The way he brakes the car is so scary, it reminds me of how my grandmother drives.Neighbors are so important if they are willing to help you in time of need. My favorite neighbor is Mrs. Shirley , I imagine the day when the government cut off our water, she was the first one there to help us, she even offered us to stay at her place. She is so generous and I like the way she hosts me.

Amos and Hosea Essay Example for Free

Amos and Hosea EssayAmos was a Judean who believed he was fit by Yahweh to address his words to Israel, However Hosea was a native Israelite. With these two men was the custom of recording oracles which appear to withstand begun, for if the words of their prophetic predecessors were preserved in a written form, then they would have long since been lost to us all. Within a few years, prophets sharing similar concerns with Amos and Hosea began to be spry in Judah and their words too, were preserved. II Kings 15 and Amos 1-9Amos stood in judgment of moral and ethical evil but, impertinent them, he did not limit himself to single issues or to individual situations, but dealt with the decline of Yahwism and hu cosmos demeanour in all levels of society. Cities he mentions), patterns of cause and effect (33 ff.), and Israelite cult practices. His vivid imagery, drawn from personality, suggests an good observer capable of relating his insights and experiences in powerful termino logy. Perhaps the very simplicity of his life caused him to be ball over at the extravagances of the rich and the terrible poverty and helplessness of those who were the prey of the powerful.The luxury of summer and winter palaces as opposed to the hovels of the poor, the greedy demand of the very rich contrasted with the cry for justice and equity of the underprivileged drove chisel him to harsh pronouncements against powerful, smug, content men and women, priests and king. The thrust of Amos condemnation is against the division of life into compartments.He argues for unity. What a man does in the market place, in the Court of law or, in his dealings with others cannot be walled off from worship. Yahweh is a God of all people therefore the dealings of man with man are directly related to to the dealings of God with man. His is a cry for the recognition of mans moral responsibility before God. But let justice roll down like watersand righteousness like an Overflowing stream. Amos 524AMOS RELIGIOUS CONCEPTSAmos beliefs concerning Yahweh and divine-human relationships were similar. Yahweh the creator, the God of hosts Amos never speaks of Yahweh as God of Israel), or possessed power over nature and nations. Despite the unrealistic emphasis, Yahwehs particular concern was Israel, the chosen orelected people, Amos emphasized Yahwehs action in history in bringing the Hebrews to nationhood and greatness, and pointed out that the continuance of power and security rested in Yahweh.

Sophists’ Philosophical Contributions Essay Example for Free

Sophists Philosophical Contri justions Es orderIt is often a pass on in school of thought which was the truth or the sham or if there exists such as natural or divine but at once numerous seem to non c atomic number 18 for action usher out get along even without perspicacious the philosophy behind these. Philosophers by thusly are very concerned and intrigued on the searching for and on classifying things whether it is a knowledge or an opinion or a truth or mere interpretations. close to could find this debate unnecessary but for epistemological sakes it is important to tackle this one fundamental of philosophy. The rejoice that was Greece is accompanied by a picture of a flourishing civilization in bringing up, economy, social and political aspects. There were paradigm shifts that are deeply rooted from the historical bloom of democracy in capital of Greece. In this form of government, Athenians scram Council of aristocrats who exit draw out laws and measures but the Assembly of free men has the index to ban them. There are universey city-states by then but Athens managed to be the center of power or the capital of Greece because they lead to the abandonment of the Persians in Hellenic lands.It was by the cleverness of Themistocles to not be what the Oracle of Delphi suggested on which strategy to do to defeat the Persians. After they, together with the Spartans, have won the war, Athens became a sea power which gave their citizens a chance later on to do trade and merchandising. indeed the Athenian life commenced to flourish in tot everyy the aspects of being the prime and respected city-state of Greece (Melchert 17). The rise of intellectuals enticed many Athenians to pursue education so the demand for teachers also rose.Sophists are teacher travelers who move from a tooshie to the other according to where the education demand is. They charge money for their avail thus most of their bookmans are of middle-class or of the rich and they claim to teach excellence by training them how to master their consume affairs, to manage their household, and to be a leader. In short, Sophistical education aims in molding a pupil into a better man and a great leader of society who will be an quick-witted in public relations and politics.Though Sophists have no one doctrine, every last(predicate) of them teach rhetoric which is the principle and practice of persuasive speaking which is seen by the Sophists essential to a man who wishes to be a better man and a public icon or leader. It teaches the students that if there are two sides on the issue, a skilled rhetorician should be able to explore and present both(prenominal) sides of the argument, from which, one can choose which side to defend. In modern debate this mechanics would work for a debater to look to what his or her opponent will say and with this, the chance of winning an argument is large.It is therefore, winning an argumentative debate depends heavily on the rhetorical skills of a person, whether or not he is aspect the truth or whether or not he is after the truth. Sophists do not believe into what philosophers like Heraclitus is asserting for they say that there is no one logos (what could be said) or nothing is common to all. That all things, as they agree with Democritus, depend on what man considers to be true, real, and essential, thus all a man could have is opinion not knowledge, not truth.They suggest that tender beings are confined on our senses and truth is beyond us, beyond the capability of the senses. Man can exclusively infer from what he senses and the information can only represent some probabilities of what is real and true so the best man can only impinge on are inexact certainties, all beyond are not to be talked about (Melchert 42-44). From here it is proved that Sophists are somehow like Democritus empiricists. Sophists relativism point of view is best summarized in the historied line of ProtagorasOf all the measure is man of all existing things, that they exist, of non-existing things, that they do not exist (DK S0 B 1, IEGP, 245). Since it is impossible for valet de chambre to go beyond what we sense, man is the measure or the final judge of how things are. This performer that man is the trite of all things so what may be true to me can be false to you and then we forgo arguing for neither of us is true nor false. With this, knowledge could not be distinguished from opinion so the majority chooses the best opinion to which they are going to agree or convene with.Sophists relativism put a stress on the difference of physis (nature of things in general) and nomos (things that are according to how human beings decided what they should be so). Nomos in short is the relativist view which again tells us that whichever is which does not give us a tracing of it is ripe(p) or wrong. Of course the world would be in chaos if people are to go on to whichever way they would want thus la ws are made to have a social arrangement. But who will provide or say what the best settlement is?What Sophists are trying to inject in Athenians minds in this point is that if you are an excellent rhetorician, you can win the hearts of the many and thus convince the majority. It is not of concern whether the laws made are just or not because whatever the majority says so (as what is sympathetic or seeming to be just for them) wins. Example, death penalty can be just to the Arabian countries but not in some Christian countries. This is supported as well by the durable amendments and additional ratifications in the constitutions of countries laws change according to the changing need of present society.Therefore, as Sophists claim, it is the nomos or usage which dictates all (Melchert 44-47). Plato, on the other hand is concerned on the nature and clarification of concepts such as right(a) and justice however he always left his argumentation open (Hummel 3). He intentional a uto pian nation for Plato the world of ideas is permanent and more real than the world of facts because facts are in constant flux. The object therefore of Platonic education is not a know-how but a chaste and political discipline for the real aim of education is not personal growth but for the service of state.Plato despised the Sophistical education by accusing them of being magicians who shadow play on row (Hummel 8). Plato, like his Socrates, believes that truth and reality is already there when we were born, it is just that we need to recollect them. It is reflected on his Republic that the power of the state should not be on the masses but rather to one philosopher-king, who is roughly perfect and god-like to save Athens from degeneration that Sophists started. This leader is capable of distinguishing the truth what is ethical and just (Kreis Greek Thought). But how would the people know who is the wisest among the citizens?This suggestion seems to have a loophole because if no t all citizens are educated, then masses could still fall on the hands of the best speaker, the best in the art of compulsive the masses. Plato, in his talk to Gorgias, said that majority system is lame for the rules they agree upon is according to the personal interests of the strongest. He suggested that like Xerxes, people should always act according to the natural law even though it is polar with the man-made laws. Plato also insisted that we must first look at nature to find evidences on classifying right or wrong and eventually only after this, we could say what justice is.It seems that Plato is undeniably ideal for he is convinced that truth and reality (which lies on nature) are hard to recollect but he suggest never to stop and to settle on the foolish agreements of man-made laws. If this is the case, then it seems that he is suggesting that before we stigma laws, know nature first, but this is hard (as he admitted) or almost impossible (like Sophists said). It could be summed up here that man-made laws are temporarily there and it they should undergo certain revisions and amendments according to how far human race conceive what is nature.Again, who will say that man-made laws should be amended? Plato will say that it must be the wisest and Sophists say it must be the people (whoever leader they believe and follow in). Overall, it is the strongest and wisest that will rule and reign thus people must consider, as Plato suggests, the one with true morality. Aristotle continued the defiance of Plato against the Sophists but has a different method of approach. He did not believe that man is already pre-imposed with knowledge for man acquires knowledge solely on experience.From here, we can see the essence and continuing influence of those two famous Western philosophical knowledge traditions rationalism and empiricism. The earlier tradition states that knowledge is a priori (exists before experience) and the last mentioned states that it is a poster iori (exists after experience) (Kreis Greek Thought). Being a scientist rather than a mathematician, Aristotle is an empiricist but his line of philosophy does not follow that of the Sophists. He explained that there is nothing beyond time and space thus all knowledge and truth is confined here, only within the universe.It is not man who naturally has the knowledge as Plato insists but it is the universe which has, and that experience is needed by man to collect them. In empirical or existing things, we can derive accost thoughts i. e. different skin colors could make man commend that there could be inequality. In Aristotles Law of Non-Contradiction, he states that X can not be both Y and non-Y can not also be X (Plato cont. ). This gives us a hint on his refutations on the reasoning of Sophists because Sophists claim that it is acceptable to choose either ways (relativism).It can be seen here that Aristotles logic was not observed by the Sophists for X is absolute and Y as well s o there must be no blurred or mixed distinctions. It seems that Aristotle is saying that what is right is right, a wrong cold never be right. It came down that all the accusations of Aristotle and Plato on Sophists deteriorating the education and the morals of the citizens (thus affecting the justice views) are true but their wide and long acceptance means that Sophists say something that Plato and Aristotle failed to refute fully.It is still a continuous search whether what we believe to be just at present is really just or we may stay not to care for nature at all and go for the majority. Plato and Aristotle give us their ideal holistic view on the true nature of abstract thoughts such as justice. Though different in approaches, with Aristotle appearing like integrating the empiricist and rational disposition, both still help in giving us exercises or hints on how to think and re-examine life for us to be a more human as all philosophers want human to be.

Related Literature on Crm Essay Example for Free

Related Literature on Crm EssayAccording to Gartner Inc., the provider of research and depth psychology on the global information technology industry, the estimated size of the CRM softw ar market in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa was near $2.3 billion in total software revenue in 2006. The forecast indicated that the market will oblige an annual growth rate of 11.3%, which will result in revenue of approximately $3.9 billion by 2011. Companies based all over the world are developing their own approaches to the CRM credit line strategy in order to increase their efficiency and effectiveness in operations. With the wide spread of CRM, problems and issues examined in this study are apparently not unique to the U.S.Heinrich (2005) examined the role of CRM in the development of the relationship CRM in Russia and US journal of Technology Research Page 4between the customer and the company in the context of goal implementation. He address the process goals of CRM involved in the development of the relationship including building trust, the transaction, and the conversion to a social relationship. He found little relationship between the collection of data and the success of the salesperson and identified 10 relationship motive categories of customers including gratitude oriented, prestige oriented, collective oriented, experience oriented, and security oriented. CRM, in his view, is a tool not as an end but the means to the end.Nairn (2002) says the origins of CRM can be traced back to the July issue of the 21st playscript of the Journal Marketing where fractionation was first mentioned in 1956. Put literally CRM is the practice of managing relationships differently inwardly different customer segments with the advent of information technology and the application of statistical research methods, the ability to segment customers has become accessible to virtually any organization as a result the CRM industry grew exponentially from the mid to late 19 90s.Vendor hype would have the market believe that CRM technology applications are a panacea for all things related to the customer, yet the market is replete with CRM technology implementation failures resulting in billions of boney investment dollars, all in search of a CRM nirvana that never eventuated.Starkey Woodcock (2002) state that contributors to CRM failure overwhelm managerial short-term focus, failure to see change through, ignoring the basics of what defines good CRM and business performance, making CRM too complicated, CRM existing functional and de agencymental silos, customer management techniques and practices not widespread and poor implementation of customer management projects to name just a few. Enterprise web identityIf you work within a larger organization, always make your relationship to the larger enterprise a urinate and meaningful part of your site intention. If your institution has an identity program or a web template system, use it. Adopting the d esign standards of the larger enterprise can save you a lot of time and money. Institutions notorious for poor ecesisuniversities, government agencies, large nonprofit agenciesalso often have chaotic web sites. Large companies sometimes have the same problems, but the standards and norms of corporate identity programs are well established in the business world, and most corporate sites start with the expectation that everyone will share a common look and sense of smell and user interface and that each discrete corporate site will project a clear relationship to the parent enterprise.

Tragedy story Essay Example for Free

catastrophe story EssayA View from the Bridge is a story that ends in calamity. A tragedy is a disaster or misfortune, which was never supposed to happen. This play ends tragically as Eddie dies because Marco killed him in self-defence. The immigration finds Marco and Rudolpho, therefore the whole family splits up. Marco may be put in prison or sent impale to Italy this will make him unable to provide for his family and will split it up.Eddie and Beatrice have brought up Catherine. Since the death of her parents Eddie has been similar a father to her. However as she gets older, his feelings for her might have turned into adult love. Eddie does not handle the f consummation that Catherine is growing up and she goes out all dressed up in short skirts and highschool heels and gets attention from other men. It seems as though he is jealous. Catherine is a teenage girl soon to constitute an adult Eddie just cant accept that. At the beginning of the play on page 6, Eddie comme nts on the representation that Catherine is dressed he does not homogeneous it and also how she walks.You are walkin wavy I dont equivalent the looks theyre givin you in the candy storeHe says this as though he is concerned for her, like a father. He also does not require her to be so friendly with other men as they might get the wrong idea. These are the first signs that reveal his jealousy.On pages 9-11 Catherine has been offered a job, far onward from her nominate, she is authentically happy and is proud of herself. Eddie does not wish her to leave and is trying to say things against her working there. He wants her to work in a nice place and also nearby.Maybe a lawyers office somewhere in New York in one of them nice buildings.Catherine is quite up zeal as she had her heart set on that job. Eddie eventually changes his mind because of Beatrice. Eddie is controlling Catherine therefore he does not want her to move away.I support you this longThis shows that he is the brea dwinner. If he has supported her for this long he will not intercept now. It also means that he is the man of the house and in charge.Beatrice realises the feelings that Eddie has towards Catherine. On pages 29-31 Beatrice is telling Catherine that she needs to act grown up infront of Eddie. Beatrice is saying it because she does not want Eddie to get he wrong impression as she knows what he is like. She does not want Eddie to treat Catherine like a baby anyto a greater extent, as she is old plenteous to make her own decisions.Eddie and Beatrices marriage is not going well at all. Eddie never listens to Beatrice whenever she tries to disgorge to him. She tries to talk to him on page 24 about the relationship but he does not respond as Catherine is on his mind. Beatrice suspects that he has unnatural feelings towards Catherine. On pages 62-63 Beatrice is trying to get Eddie to calm down but he does not listen to her at all. She then tells him about the love that he has for Catheri ne, but he denies it.You want somethin else, Eddie you can never have herAlfieri says in his speech that the play will take its bloody course. This tells the earreach that something terrible will happen in the play. Alfieri also realises the feelings Eddie has towards Catherine he gives him advice not to get to close to Catherine. Alfieri knows that Eddie loves her more than he should. If Eddie loves Catherine romantically, then the relationship between them is bound to end unhappily, because of the family ties between them. Eddie is aggressive with Beatrice and Alfieri whenever they bring this up.The reach of the cousins acts as a catalyst and all the tensions that already existed are brought to the surface. When Rudolpho and Marco first arrive at the house Eddie is being extremely kind and welcoming to them both but soon after, he is only really talking to Marco. When Rudolpho starts vocalizing he tells him to stop. I think this is because he thinks that men should not be singi ng the way he does. He may also want him to stop singing because he knows that Catherine likes the way he sings and does not want Catherine to fall for him. He says it as though he does not want the immigration to catch him.Look, kid you dont want to be picked up, do ya?He also does not like it because Rudolpho is spending a lot of time with Catherine, he is jealous.

Euthyphro †Plato Essay Example for Free

Euthyphro Plato EssayOn his way to his trial, Socrates runs into his friend Euthyphro, there to hire his own father for the murder of a slave. From this state of affairs, Socrates engages Euthyphro in a dialogue that begins with questions regarding piousness and ends up unsatisfactorily attempting to come to a true answer. In the course of this discussion, definitions of concept of holiness emerge, only to be picked apart by Socrates. Ultimately, Socrates goal is a new definition of piety and subtle rejection of the very desire of gods, paving the way for Platos defense of his wrongly accused teacher. Socrates is shocked to learn that Euthyphro is prosecuting his own father. Euthyphro defends his go throughs, accept that it is just to do so even though his acquaintances keep on that it is wicked for a son to follow up on his father for murder (Plato, 8). Quickly, Socrates gets to the pith of the matter. Euthyphro is positive in his belief, therefore Socrates asks him di rectly what is the pious, and what the impious? (9). Euthyphros commencement exercise definition of piety is simple the pious is to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer (9). Socrates is right away to show Euthyphro that such an explanation is but an example.I did not bid you tell me on or tow the many pious actions but that body-build itself that makes entirely pious actions pious (10). This lies at the heart of Platos philosophy that all things have an ideal form, and that one dope gain knowledge of that form through examination. The argument cosmosness refined, Euthyphro delivers his second definition what is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious (11). Socrates points out that diametric gods consider different things to be just, noting how in Greek mythology, the gods are as quarrel approximately and fickle as human beings.Try to show me a clear sign that all the gods definitely believe this action to be right, Socrates demands (13). Euthyphro ca nnot, and so Socrates presses him to further refine his definition. Therefore, Euthyphro delivers his third definition the pious is what all the gods love, and the opposite, what all the gods hate, is the impious (14). Socrates must quickly turn this definition on its head Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods? (14). There is a circular reason here that Socrates traps Euthyphro in.By seek to attach piety to the desires of the gods, one cannot separate the effect and cause. Does piety exist in some form, that the gods maintain and uphold, or is piety defined by the agreement of the gods? It is not loved by those who love it because it is being loved, Socrates asks, but it is being loved because they love it? (15). Now Euthyphro must admit that there is a loss amid what is god-beloved and what is pious. Since what the gods love and piety are different ideas, Socrates puts for the connection between justice and piety.Is then all that is just pious? he prompts (17). Concerning piety and the gods, Socrates eventually sums Euthyphros beliefs as piety would be a knowledge of how to give to, and beg from the gods (20). In establishing this premise, Socrates is driving towards the very notion that got him indicted by Meletus corrupting the callowness and not believing in the gods. Of course, when pressed in a court, Socrates will maintain that he believes in the gods. He later states that his public career was at the behest of the gods, who challenged him to find one wiser than he.However, Socrates line of reasoning suggests that he does not actually believe in the gods. What benefit do the gods derive from the gifts they receive from us? he asks (21). Socrates is constantly pointing out to Euthyphro that piety and the notion of the gods are two separate notions. For example, when he asks Would you agree that when you do something pious you make some one of the gods better? it appears that he is redu cing the notion of what a god supposedly is to that of a changing and corruptible being (19).If the gods are what they are supposed to be, how can they be improved by a pious action of a mortal? It would seem only that some god-delivered idea of piety would transform the mortals, and not the other way around. Piety, then, my dear Socrates, is that which finds universal approval as a good among human beings. If we remove the gods from the equation, then piety becomes an idealized notion of goodwill between human beings. If we are to seek out a form of piety, then there cannot be inerrant gods who change their minds and respond differently to different situation.Socrates Yes, my friend, perhaps there is indeed a form of piety, as we have been seeking. However, by what measure do you define universal approval? Simple majority? be we to vote on a common definition? If a majority of people go to war, and support the killing of others, is it pious to do so? If the cause is just, one mu st say yes. Socrates If war can be pious, then what cannot fall under this definition? What is just and what are pious must be two different notions, as we have already discussed. Indeed you are correct, Socrates. Piety is fidelity to the truth. peradventure if there is indeed a form of it somewhere, then we have instinctive knowledge of piety without being able to define it in human language. If Euthyphro has no clear knowledge of piety and impiety contempt his convictions, is it possible that each one of us defines such morality on our own (22)? Perhaps, then, there is no form in the universe, and each one of grasps at straws attempting to satisfy an inner desire to make comprehend out of the chaos that is life. References Plato. Five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1981.

African American vs. Caucasian Americans Essay Example for Free

African American vs. gabardine Americans EssayAt outset glance some people might consider this paper to be on the racial side, however it was all written by observations made. There are many differences mingled with African Americans and whitenesss, some people dont see the differences because of ignorance . You must read the paper with an open mind and prepare none of this to heart. African American and Caucasians function differently in earthly concern surroundings. When you see a progeny African American you usually see them in groups of four of more. However, when one of them gets into a disagreement basketball team to ten more show up in their defense.They are a very close lace group of individuals. I have also noticed that when you see a young African American walking around they are usually apprisal, talking very loud or running around. besides when they are in groups they are very loud and take over the area that they occupy. On the new(prenominal) hand when y ou see Caucasians they are rarely in groups of three or more. To top it off when someone in one of their groups gets in trouble the rest of the group is nowhere to be found. Most measure when you see young Caucasian people in a group they are for the about get going within a normal speaking level.These two groups play to act differently in the public due to their cultural differences. There are a number of differences between the churches of African Americans and Caucasians. At most typical African American churches there are no true sermons. The African American churches tend to do more entertaining rather than acquireing. They also do a great deal of singing and dancing involved in there praising of God. They emphasize fellowship in their churches especially by and by church when they all gather and close the celebration with a meal together.However at a typical Caucasian church there are a few differences. To start it off when you first walk in you get a program detailing what will be happening by means of the service. They tend to structure the whole service around a sermon or story. The service all week is very predictable as to what will happen. The Caucasian churches are more there to teach the ways of the lord as they have interpreted it. Although not all the African American and Caucasian churches are along this line a majority of the main stream ones are.

Cyber Warfare Examples Essay

Cyber Warfare Examples EssayInformation Warfare,in its most fundamental sense, is the emerging theatre in which future nation-against-nation conflict at the strategic level is most likely to slip by. George J. Stein, Cyber War, 2000Cyberwar is the newest subset of education war, which unavoidably no battlefield and is fought in cyberspace. Cyberspace includes randomness itself, the talk nets that move it, and the computers that make it exercisingful. Cyberspace tin crumb be influenced and at times dominated by altogetherone possessing inexpensive computers linked into existing global communication nets1. The present information era offers modern tools to conduct seamless operations with utmost speed2. It is fundamentally trying to deny the enemy the advantage of force, time and space that come with the use of modern information technologies.Cyber Warfare whitethorn be defined as Any act intended to compel an contrary to fulfill our national provide, executed against the s oftware controlling processes within an opponents system. It includes the following modes of cyber attack cyber infiltration, cyber manipulation, cyber assault, and cyber raid3.In present day battle field, forces exchange digital information for real time use exploitation intercommunicates. Developments in the field of tele-communications, computer neting, image processing, miniaturization of electronics etc. has given a new impulse to the exploitation of the Information for Warfare. For all future conflicts, Cyber warfare would form one of the spheres of military machine operations in addition to the other four spheres i.e. land, communicate, sea and space.Military attack in the form of a cyber network attack is irregular in nature. It is extremely cheap, is very fast, quite a little be carried out anonymously, and can scatter or deny critical services precisely at the moment of maximum peril. Advances in applied science over the past several decades have enabled cyber wa rfare to become a viable strategic tool. details on cyber warfare are sensitive and all nations hold those closely.According to Jeffrey Carr, author of Inside Cyber Warfare, any country can wage cyberwar on any other country, irrespective of resources, because most military forces are network-centric and connected to the Internet, which is not secure. For the same reason, non-governmental groups and individuals could also launch cyberwarfare attacks.Cyber warfare in the civil battleground is Internet-based conflict involving politically motivated attacks on information and information systems. Such attacks can disable prescribed websites and networks, disrupt or disable essential services, steal or alter classified data, and cripple pecuniary systems, among many other possibilities.The majority of computers, their operating systems and software purchased by the military services are commercialised off-the-shelf (COTS) components, often manufactured abroad due to cheaper toll. Thus, foreign countries could place hidden components inside the computers, qualification the computers vulnerable for attack and/or spying.Examples of Cyber warfare.In 1998, the join States hacked into Serbias line of business defense system to compromise air relations control and facilitate the misfireing of Serbian targets.In 2007, in Estonia, a botnet of over a million computers brought down government, business and media websites across the country. The attack was suspected to have getd in Russia, motivated by political tension between the two countries.Also in 2007, an unknown foreign party hacked into risque tech and military agencies in the United States and downloaded terabytes of information.In 2009, a cyber spy network called GhostNet accessed confidential information belonging to both governmental and private organizations in over 100 countries around the world. GhostNet was reported to originate in China, although that country denied responsibility.The most effec tive protection against cyberwarfare attacks is securing information and networks. Security updates should be applied to all systems including those that are not considered critical because any vulnerable system can be co-opted and used to range out attacks. Measures to mitigate the potential damage of an attack include comprehensive disaster recovery training that includes provisions for extended outages.It is tempting for policymakers to view cyberwarfare as an abstract future threat. After all, the national protection establishment understands traditional military threats much better than it does virtual enemies. The problem is that an electronic attack can be large, widespread, and sudden far beyond the capabilities of conventional predictive models to anticipate.Cyber warfare is here to stay on the long run and it will be growing in the set of solutions our military has for the future. Weve have already seen this demonstrated in some of the wars in the Middle East. As wev e heard in the press, the attacks by the United States have been to disable communications, to cause confusion in the command and control structure of the adversary in advance a follow- on assault.1991 Gulf War An Early Cyber Conflict. The first major U.S. conflict involving computer warfare was the 1991 war against Iraq. The Pentagon does not offer specific details as to what was done, but reports have asserted that Baghdads air defense radar and other systems were targeted by U.S. cyber warriors.A Case for Cyber BreachEvery day, millions of automated network scans originating from foreign sources search Indian computers for unprotected communications ports, the built-in channels found in take down the most inexpensive personal computers.Breaches of cyber guarantor and data theft have plagued the US as hale in 2006, between 10 and 20 terabytes of data equivalent to the contents of approximately 100 laptop hard drives were illegally downloaded from the Pentagons non-classified network, and the State Department suffered similarly large losses the same year.The emergence of so-called peer-to-peer (p2p) networks poses yet another threat. These networks are temporary on demand connections that are terminated once the data service has been provided or the requested content delivered, much like a telephone call. From a security perspective, P2P networks offer an easy way to disguise illegitimate payloads (the content carried in digital packets) through the use of sophisticated protocols, they can divert network traffic to arbitrary ports, Data containing everything from music to financial transactions or weapons designs can be diverted to lanes that are created for a few milliseconds and then disappear without a trace, posing a crippling challenge to any countrys ability to monitor Internet traffic. Estimates vary, but P2P may consume as much as 60 percent of the Internets bandwidth no one knows how much of this traffic is legitimate, how much violates copyri ght laws, and how much is a threat to national security.The commercially operable networking systems that carry roughly all international data traffic are of high quality they are structurally reliable, available globally and are also highly automated. However, the networking standards that enable communication using this networking infrastructure were designed in stages over the last four decades to ensure compatibility, not security, and the network designers have been playing catch-up for years.The price of perpetrating a cyber-attack is just a fraction of the cost of the economic and physical damage such an attack can produce. Because they are inexpensive to plan and execute, and because in that location is no immediate physical danger to the perpetrators, cyber-attacks are inherently attractive to adversaries large and small. Indeed, for the most isolated (and therefore resource-deprived) actors, remote, network borne disruptions of critical national infrastructure world(a ) and airborne traffic, energy generation and distribution, water and wastewater-treatment facilities, all manner of electronic communication, and, of course, the highly automated Indian financial system may be the primary means of aggression of a potential adversary.The cost of a cyber weapon is very low, a few thousands of dollars compared to the millions of dollars spent developing a new bomb or a sophisticated automated missile system. The skills and resources are not controlled and are available. As for intent, there is no shortage of individuals or groups who wish to harm India and the likelihood of detecting this plan and foiling it is questionable.Cyber-attacks occur on a frequent basis and in a near-instantaneous manner as the world becomes more(prenominal) connected, more machines and more people will be affected by an attack. In the months and years to come, cyber-attack techniques will evolve even further, exposing various and possibly critical vulnerabilities that hav e not yet been identified by computer security experts. Moreover, such attacks could also be coordinated to coincide with physical assaults, in put together to maximize the impact of both.

One of the principle aims of the Children Act

One of the doctrine aims of the children make upOne of the teaching aims of the Children exercise 1989 was to ensure that much than attention was paid to the kidskins voice.Critically examine to terminus to which this aim has been achieved.IntroductionBridgeman and Monk argue that the develop handst of nipper practice of police is becoming progressively to a greater extent distinct from family rightfulness. In their view this development whoremonger be understood as a reproof of the influence of nipperrens rights and feminist views of the law that contain encouraged a child centred focus where children argon not simply seen as family mortals but as individuals in their own right (Bridgeman and Monk, 2000, p. 1), a item reiterated by Muncie et al. who point to the recognition of rights of children as now being considered as distinct from the rights of the family as a whole (Muncie at al., 2005).The Children Act 1989 which came in to force on 14th October 1991 was heralded as the close important legislation pertaining to children in living memory. ecclesiastic Mackay called itthe or so comprehensive and far reaching category of child law which has get under ones skin before Parliament in living memory.Prior to the Act the law relating to children in the UK had been driven by a plethora of different pieces of legislation, leading to capacious complexity and inconsistency. Although European law has come to an increasing level of prominence in domestic law, in practice the Children Act re master(prenominal)s the single document most referred to (Prest and Wildblood, 2005, p. 311).The strength and scope of the Act birth been reflected by the coarse body of cause law that evolved in a relatively short period of age.The Act accomplish two functions as naughtylighted by AllenIt brought together all the existing law under the umbrella of whiz piece of legislationThe Act acknowledged the limits of the law in family relations. bandage it was seen as a destroy mark piece of legislation, it did not contain a magic formula to deal with family problems.(Allen, 2005, p.1).The main hold of the Act was to enable all those involved with the tuition of children to further their best interests whether living with their families, in local anaesthetic anesthetic authorisation c atomic number 18 or in respect of protection from abuse.Private and Public truthThe confidential legislation relating to childrens law does not concern ordinary bodies. It refers to issues that are between individuals, usually family members.The public law relating to children concerns legislation pertaining to intervention by public authorities. This encompasses voluntary agencies as well up as affable function. The State is typically a party to proceedings.Purpose of the ActIt was also hoped that with the Act children would survive more central to proceedings concerning their well-being and would be concurn a considerably stronger voice. Feminist analysts exhaust oral sexed the effectiveness of this, arguing that the law is much better at protecting the interests of adults than children.Common Law earlier the ActHistorically, in common law liftal rights were traditionally with the father in the miscue of authentic children. It was not until 1886 that bring forths were given guardianship under the Guardianship of Infants Act and the welfare of the child was to be taken into account when hearing any claim.Developments in this area of the law saw an increasingly important picture given to the welfare of the child. This evolved into the modern idea of paramnountcy, enshrined in the 1989 Act.The Law Leading to the ActBefore the Act thither were a number of different aspects of childrens law, described by Allen as chaotic in its personality (Allen, 2005, p.3). The law relating to children had evolved in a somewhat haphazard way, and was becoming increasingly baffling for professionals to interpret. In 1984 a comprehensive review was undertaken in an attempt to integrate the law.The White Paper published in 1987, The Law on Child headache and Family Services, stated that government proposals would involve a major whelm of child dispense law intended to provide a clearer and fairer framework for the provision of child care services for families and for the protection of children at risk.1Scope of the ActThe Act covers many areas including pre-school day care, child protection, local authority provision for children, the care of children in independent schools, children involved in disarticulate or time lag proceedings, children with disabilities, child patients in long stay hospitals and children with learning difficulties (Hendrick, 2003, p.196-107).Intrinsic to the legislation were quaternion main principles(1)The paramountcy principle this was not really a rude(a) idea but added considerable weight to ideas about child welfare, making it clear that this was always to be para mount in any lasts. This guiding principle has, however, been criticised in some quarters because of its vagueness.The childs welfare is the paramount consideration in respect of(a)the nurture of the child(b) the administration of a childs property or any income arising from it (s 1 (1)).2(2) A checklist was introduced to assist chat ups in applying the welfare principle when considering certain categories of order.(3)The delay principle which states that proceedings should be expedited with minimal delay as any such(prenominal) delay is regarded as being to the childs impairment unless proven otherwise (s 1 (2))3.(4) Intervention by the State in the action of the child or the childs family should only occur when it could be shown that on balance the bringing of proceedings is promising to be in the best interest of children. This is the no order principle where no order shall be made unless it is considered to be better for the child than making no order at all.4Some new con cepts were introduced. One of the main ones was parental business. This emphasised the rights of parents in the context of their parental responsibility. If parents exercise their responsibility with the necessary level of diligence, certain rights in law are afforded, in effect promoting parents as authority figures. The Act also saw something of a swing back in emphasis to parents as contradictory to the state being responsible for their children. Parents could only relinquish their responsibility to their children through formal, well-grounded adoption. The term appointment replaced voluntary care meaning, in effect that local authorities would care for children on their parents behalf only until such times as they could resume their proper role (Eekelaar and Dingwall, 1989, p.26).Parental ResponsibilitiesThe Children Act gave accosts wide ranging and flexible powers to tempt the exercise of parental responsibility, introducing some sweeping changes in this area.The Childs WishesOne of the central ideas was that the childs wishes be taken into consideration, to a degree which was appropriate in any proceedings. The issue has arisen in relation to care proceedings, medical interference and so on. In the solecism of local authority accommodation, there is a clear distinction in law between children over and under sixteen historic period old. The Children Act provides that neither the parental right of objection not the parental right of removal applies where a child of sixteen agrees to being provided with accommodation.5This was tested in Re T (Accomodation by Local Authority)6. A seventeen year old girl had been informally accommodated by friends, an arrangement which she sought to formalise so that two parties would be eligible for benefits under section 24 of the Act which would stop when she reached age 18 otherwise. The director of well-disposed services refused this request taking the view that her welfare was not likely to be seriously prej udiced if she were not accommodated. This finality was quashed at flirt, the judge taking the view that social services had no way of ascertaining her future needs and there was no way of establishing whether the local authority would cut across to exert the discretionary power it had done up to this point.The issue of the childs wishes is a oftentimes more contentious area when younger children are involved. Some very emotive case law, particularly in respect of medical arrangements and treatments, has developed in this area.The childs age should be taken into consideration when making any decision, but this is dependent on the individual child concerned . It is well recognised that children have the capacity to engage in acts and make decisions which can be dependent on chronological age or the attainment of a level of maturity beyond the chronological age. precedent concerning a childs age was first established in the land mark case of Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech H ealth Authority7.The Gillick CaseIn 1980 The Department of Health and Social Security asserted that, go it would be most unusual, it would be lawful in some circumstances for a doctor to give contraceptive advice to a girl under sixteen without prior consultation with her parents. Victoria Gillick, a parent with strongly held religious views, sought assurances that none of her daughters would receive such advice.Her claim was eventually rejected by the House of Lords, the decision coming to be known as Gillick competence. Lord Scarman proposed that a high level of learning would be required, extending beyond the medical issues.Lord Scarman notedIt is not enough that she should understand the record of the advice which she is being given she moldiness have sufficient maturity to understand what is involved.Critical was the question in respect of whether, once a child has reached a certain level of maturity, whether in chronological or maturational terms, the rights of the patents to be involved, should be terminated or should co-exist with the childs.The Gillick decision was contrary to hot suasion and controversial. When faced with the dilemma of Gillick competence again, the coquettes adopted a somewhat different view. Later case law served to muddy the waters and adolescents were not given clear advice over their right to reach decisions for themselves in the event of family disputes or other issues.Re R8 concerned the competence of adolescents to refuse medical treatment.R was a fifteen year old girl who had been suffering from mental illness which had caused her to be hospitalised under the psychological Health Act. At various times during the course of her treatment she was regarded as being a self-destruction risk. The unit in which she was hospitalised used sedatives as a last resort as part of the treatment regime. The hospital give tongue to that they would not retain R in hospital unless she were prepared to engage in treatment, including tak ing sedatives.They put this to the local authority who had parental responsibility for R. The local authority initially concur to the hospitals request but, following conversation between R. and a social worker, withdrew its consent. R indicated to the social worker that the hospital were trying to give her drugs which she neither cherished nor needed. The social workers opinion was that R. was lucid and rational during the conversation, an assessment subsequently confirmed by psychiatric evaluation. The authority made R. a ward of butterfly to resolve the argument. This is demonstrative of the responsibility to make the childs voice heard, through the consultation process, a responsibility placed on local authorities by the Act.The solicitor acting as guardian ad litem argued that, where a child has capacity to withhold consent to treatment found on sufficient understanding, any parental right to give or withdraw consent terminated.Lord Donaldson reopened the whole discussion in respect of the relationship between a competent minors capacity and a parents right to consent on a minors behalf.The move of Appeal upheld the decision of Waite J., that R. failed the test of competence and that, in her best interests, the treatment should be authorised.The most significant issue was whether the court had the power to over rule the decision of a competent minor. The court held that such an ability existed because the Gillick principles did not have effect in wardship proceedings. It was argued that the court had wider powers than those of normal parents, being derived from the Crown. The court saw no reason not to override the wishes of a competent minor if it believed that to be in the childs best interests.The judgement demonstrated that the application of the welfare and the Gillick tests could lead to different results.The courts power to override the decision of a minor were again illustrated in Re M. (Medical discourse Consent)9. A fifteen year old girl needed a heart transplant to preserve her life but refused to give her consent. Her reasoning was that she did not want to have some one elses heart and did not want to have to take medication for the rest of her life.In the solicitors notes taken at interview, it could be clearly seen that she had considered carefully her decisionDeath is final I know I cant change my mind. I dont want to die but I would quite die than have the transplant and have someone elses heart, I would kinda die with fifteen years of my own heart.While acknowledging the gravity of overriding M.s decision, and the associated health risks, the operation was authorised.Children in CourtEnglish law has not traditionally given minors right of representation in legal proceedings, but this was one of the main issues that the Children Act 1989 sought to address. The usual procedure has been for courts to require welfare reports in respect of children rather than to elicit the views of children themselves or of other interested parties or representatives.The Children Act considerably changed that nature of representation for children in public proceedings in court. In care proceedings the Act created the laying claim of the appointment of a guardian ad litem (Childrens guardian). The child will also automatically be party to the proceedings.Childrens guardians are individuals who are required to have a thorough knowledge of both social work and child law. Their role is to ensure that the court is fully informed of the relevant facts which touch to the childs welfare and that the wishes and feelings of the child are clearly established.10 Their role is to be proactive in its nature and ensure that the wishes of the child are given their due weight in the proceedings.The issue in respect of private law is markedly different with children rarely being represented in this context. These are generally in relation to divorce and while welfare reports are submitted on occasion, this is not ofte n the case, simply because of the volume of these typewrites of proceedings.Harm to childrenOne of the main purposes of the Children Act was to ensure that children be protected from harm.Newham capital of the United Kingdom Borough Council v. AG11. reflects the difficult choice with which the courts are often faced regarding whether it is better for a child to stay with members of his/ her broad family or other, extraneous carers. In Newham the Court of Appeal held that placing the child with grandparents would be unsatisfactory as they would be unable to protect the child from the serious risk that was posed by the childs mother who suffered from severe schizophrenia which manifested itself in her inability to hold back after the child and to neglect her.The test case for the risk of significant harm is Re M. (A minor)(Care Order Threshold Conditions).12 A father had rack uped the childrens mother in front of them, after which they were taken into emergency protection. The fa ther was convicted of the mothers murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommendation that he be deported to Nigeria, his home country, on release. Three of the four children were placed with Mrs W., the mothers cousin, but she felt unable to cope with the youngest child, M. who was placed with a unorthodox harbor mother. Eventually Mrs W. wanted to offer M. a home with his siblings. The father sought to influence the decision from prison, as he was M.s biological father. The local authority, the guardian ad litem for M., and the father all wanted a care order to be made for M. outside the extended birth family.Bracewell J. made the care order in the first instance but the Court of Appeal favoured Mrs W., substituting a care order in her favour. The question for the courts was whether, in considering if a child is suffering from significant harm, is it permissible to consider the situation when protective measures were introduced, or does this test have to be sati sfied at the time of the hearing at which the application is being considered. At the time of the hearing M. was no longer suffering, nor was he likely to suffer significant harm because, by this time, he was being properly looked after and the risk of infection had passed.The House of Lords held that there was jurisdiction to make a care order in these circumstances. Lord Mackay argued that the court was entitled to have regard to the full length from the protection to the disposal of the case. Brackwell had been entitled to, and indeed correct, to look back to the time when the emergency protection was taken. She had been entitled to infer that, at that time, M. had been permanently deprived of the warmth and care of his mother which constituted significant harm. The care given by the father was not what could slightly have been expected from a parent, although it could reasonably be argued that the anger and violence was directed to the mother rather than M. The only limitatio n in the process of looking back was that the initial protective arrangements had remained continuously in place. Lords Templeman and Nolan pointed out that to restrict evidence to that which was available at the hearing could mean that any temporary measures which distant the risk could preclude the court from making a final care order which could not have been Parliaments intention.Separated FamiliesContactA great deal of case law relates to families where divorce or separation is a factor. member 8 of the Act deals with the click orderan order requiring the person with whom a child lives, or is to live, to allow the child to visit or stay with the person named in the order, or for that person and the child otherwise to have contact with each other.13The contact order has flummox very important in the sphere of childrens law as it is the most common type of order made. Men, who tend not to be the residential parent in cases of divorce, are increasingly applying for contact ord ers with their children.Payne v. Payne is one of the leading cases in respect of contact. The mother, originally from New Zealand wanted to return there with the orthodontic bracess four year old child following her divorce. Mr Payne argued that, to allow the mother to remove the child from the country, would infringe his right to contact, and that this infringement would be contrary to the principles of the Children Act 1989. The Court of Appeal argued that the childs happiness was bound up in the happiness of the mother , the primary carer, and any move to detach them might be that her unhappiness, sense of isolation and depression would be exacerbated to a degree that could well be damaging to the child.The judgement in Payne v. Payne was not a denial that the father had a right to contact. It was a demonstration of the application of the welfare principle, protecting the best interests of the child which were, in the courts opinion, inextricably linked to the mother. The decis ion makes clear that contact is a qualified right which will always be substituted by the welfare of the child.PaternityThe paramountcy principle has been criticised as being too limited in its scope. Where the issue of paternity has come before the courts it has been held that this only has an indirect impact upon the childs upbringing and so falls outside the scope of the test. Freeman has argued that since maternity is rarely in doubt, this stance in respect of paternity allows men to shirk to some degree their paternity in the English Legal system (Freeman, 2000, p.33).Foster ParentsWhile the law relating to children has always had scope in respect of biological families, this is clearly extended to foster parents by the Children Act. The term foster parents covers a variety of care arrangements, but is most usually thought of as parents who look after children to whom they are not related. The main distinctions in foster care arrangements are in private or local authority arra ngements and short and long term fostering arrangements.Arrangements and case law have shown that foster carers will not automatically be afforded parental responsibility, legal steps must be taken before this can happen.In Gloucestershire County Council v. P14 the childs guardian ad litem persuaded the court that a residence order in favour of the foster parents, rather than an order freeing the child for adoption or residence order in favour of the extended family, would be appropriate. A bulk of the Court of Appeal held that the Court did, in fact, have the power to do this even though the foster parents had cared for the child for less than three years.More than one childProblems with the paramountcy principle have occurred when there is more than one child and their interests appear to be at odds. In Birmingham CC v. H15 the case concerned a mother, herself a minor, and her child. It was believed to be in the mothers best interests to maintain some contact with her blow as she whitethorn self harm otherwise. It was not held to be in the best interests of her baby. The law said that the interests of both was paramount. The House of Lords held that it was necessary to identify the child who was the subject of the application and make their welfare paramount, in this case the baby. This logic has been applied in subsequent cases on this matter when the interests of siblings have been thought to be in conflict.ConclusionIt is generally agreed that the Children Act represents a consensus among interested parties, except of course for children, who were not consulted (Hendrick, 2003, p.198). The concept of welfare or best interests of children reflects a desire to protect children. Some theorists have argued that because the commentary of children into changes in the law has been neglected, the law may be ineffective in protecting them from harm which may be very different from the harm and pain felt by adults (Bridgeman and Monk, 2000, p.7).Some aspects of t he Act have been problematic. The paramountcy principle has been very difficult in both a practical and an ethical respect. There is considerable tension between a childs welfare and a childs voice. The weight of the law is given to the former but many argue that the childs opinion and wishes should apply more weight than they do at the moment. There are also, as has been seen, questions concerning when the childs wishes should supersede those of his/ her parents and be respected as valid in their own right.The law in relation to children has seen more change in recent years but the Children Act still has considerable force in practice. While there has been increasing emphasis placed on childrens individualism, autonomy, capacity and competence (Hallett, 2000, p.389), it has been seen that it is often the case that no matter how lucid or mature a child appears to be, the courts have been loth(p) to allow the child to have a full voice in issues of a serious and life changing nature . The complex nature of families and their increasingly diverse nature in society means that these difficult issues will probably become more, rather than less complex in their nature and present themselves with a greater degree of frequency.ReferencesAllen, N. (2005) Making Sense of the Children Act 1989. Chichester John Wiley and Sons.Bainham, A. (1990) Children The New Law. Bristol Jordan produce Ltd.Bainham, A. (2005) Children The Modern Law. Bristol Jordan Publishing Ltd.Bainham, A., Day-Sclater, S. Richards, M. (Eds)(1999) What is a Parent? A Socio-Legal Analysis. Oxford Oxford University Press.Bridgeman, J. Monk, D. (2000) Reflection on the relationship between feminism and child law in J. Bridgeman D. Monk (Eds) Feminist Perspective on Child Law. London Cavendish Publishing.Corby, B. (2002) Child Abuse and Child Protection in B. Goldson, M. Lavalette and E. McKenchie (Eds) Children, Welfare and the State. London Sage.Eekelaar, J. 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London Sweet and Maxwell.Horwarth, J. (Ed )(2001) The Childs World Assessing Children in Need. London Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Masson, J. (1990) The Children Act 1989 Current Law Statutes Annotated. London Sweet and Maxwell.Muncie, J. Wetherall, M., Dallos, R. Cochrane, A. (Eds)(1995) Understanding the Family. London Sage.Prest, C. Wildblood, S. (2005) Children Law An interdisciplinary Approach. Bristol Jordan Publishing Ltd.White, R., Carr, P. Lowe, N. (1995) The Children Act in Practice. London Butterworths.Wyld, N. (2000) The Human Rights Act and the Law Relating to Children. Legal Action, September, 17-18.1Footnotes1 Family Law Review of Child Law (Law Com No. 172, 1988), para 2.4.2 There are some exceptions to the paramountcy rule.3 The delay principle is a general principle not an absolute one. There are circumstances in which a planned and purposeful delay may be in the childs interests.4 This is consistent with the main philosophy that there should be minimum intervention in family life and that parents should exercise responsibility for their children.5 Section 20 (11).6 1995 1 FLR 159.7 1986 AC 112.8 Re R (A Minor) (Wardship Consent to Treatment) 1992 Fam 11.9 Re M (Medical Treatment Consent) 1999 2 FLR 1097.10 Children Act Advisory Committee Annual Report 1992/1993 (Lord Chancellors Department, 1993) at p.14.11 Newhan Borough Council v. AG 1993 1 FLR 281.12 RE M (A minor)( Care Order Threshold Conditions) 1994 3 WLR 558.13 Section 8 (1).14 Gloucestershire County Council v. P 1999 2 FLR 61.15 1994 1 FLR 224.