Parliament works best when the government controls both houses. :: essays research papers

Even before federation, our country had adopted and used a egalitarian system of government. Democracy has played a major role in our system of government as it has developed over the decades since it was brought to Australian shores by the English and the first democratic parliaments were created. Over time Democracy has grown stronger as this system became the foundation of our society. Democracy in our government must also throw away an efficient system for it to function properly otherwise the disagreements in parliament and different views on issues in Australia would tear our government apart. But how far ass we go in our government before its Efficiency begins to affect our Democracy. A balance of Democracy vs. Efficiency has been engulfed in our Parliaments with Australia having a bicameral system. However it is in truth well possible for this to favour a more efficient system if the government manages gains control of both Houses.Democracy can be easily define as a rul e of government by the state, and for the people. Whilst incorporating the principles of majority rule, the protection of minority rights, equal participation, fair and frequent elections and the rule of law. This is done through and through elected representatives by the public. In our government we have semipolitical parties (interest groups) of people acting in politics to secure goals which they think are important and virtually always acting on behalf of other people whom they say think these goals are important too. The common complexity of this is that these goals often clash with other political partys that have other issues and views. The biggest example of this is the clash between the Liberal Party and the Australian Labour Party. The goal of Democracy is to let the people have there say and for the representatives to patch up on the best decision for the Commonwealth and the people.A definition of Efficiency can be described as productive whilst using the minimum was te or effort. In relation to politics, our system is an efficient and working government. Our Legislative sector of government has proven itself as a working system in our commonwealth and has had no major issues with its process.In most cases after elections the party with the majority in the lower home plate which has formed government usually does not have control of the upper house. The control usually hangs with the smaller parties and independents and they hold the balance of power which can decide the fate of bills that have been sent from the lower house.

Brave New World: The Advancement of Science :: Brave New World

chivalric New ball The Advancement of Science  Christy Campbell Mrs. Doig Eng OAC 2 16 May, 1996         When thinking of progress, most people think of advances in thescientific fields, accept that most discoveries and technologies atomic number 18beneficial to society.  Are these advances as beneficial as most people think?In the novel Brave New World, the generator Aldous Huxley, warns readers thatscientific advances can be a threat to society.  This is particularly evident inthe fields of biology, technology and psychology.  According to Huxley, Thetheme of Brave New World is not the advancement of science as such it is theadvancement of science as it affects human individuals(Huxley CLC 79 290).        One scientific advance of which Huxley warns readers of is that inbiology.  In the setting of Brave New World, henceforth referred to as thereservation, the mass production of humans is accomplis hed with the Bokanovskyprocess.  In this process, human beings are genetically engineered inlaboratories.  ... a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide.From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full sized adult(Huxley Brave New World 4).One of the threats of this genetic breeding is that no family structures existon the reservation.  Instead, humans are raised in conditioning centres.  R.T.Oerton points out that Present knowledge indicates, for instance, that a childcannot be deprived of parents or parent figures, as were the children in BraveNew World, without suffering lasting pathological damage to hispersonality.(Oerton CLC 7 308).  Another threat that the Bokanovsky processposes to society is that life is not highly valued.  Murder kills scarce theindividual and, after all what is an individual?  With a sweeping gesture he Mr.Foster, director of hatcheries and c onditioning indicated the rows ofmicroscopes, the test-tubes, the incubators.  We can make a new one with the superior ease-as many as we like(Huxley Brave New World 133).  Human life holdsno value because it can be easily replaced through the Bokanovsky process.Furthermore, Bokanovskys system of mass production prevents individuality, ason the reservation, all people are cloned.  Starting from the time of decanting,each embryo is genetically cloned to fall into one of the motley social classes.Within each social class, all members are cloned to be intellectually andphysically equivalent.  Biological technology helps to achieve this equality bygenetically shaping the minds of society.  In Brave New World , onesintelligence depends on the amount of alcohol injected into their embryo.  Forexample, one of the lower classes in society, Epsilons, have quite a high amount

Understanding Hinduism: Holi Essay -- Religion, Hinduism, Christianit

Religion is not as important in todays world as it was a couple hundred years ago. In the United States the major religion is Christianity and no one pays much attention to other(a) religions like Hinduism. Weird thing is that Hinduism has been in the world way before Christianity, yet not a lot of slew know about it. As seen before when schooling religion it lacked sophistication compared with lessons about Christianity (Glod). Some people are raised to think that Christians are perfect putting other religions down, but everyone is perfect in their own way. Just like every other thing Hinduism has its own stereotypes. These stereotypes are often mislead or completely different from their beliefs. Even though Hinduism is a different unique culture they good-tempered have similarities to Christianity. Every time someone hears Hindus the first thing they think about are cows or some sort of other imbecile thing, yet no one really knows what they actually believe. I asked a couple of Christians what they thought of when they first hear about Hindus and many of them had little to no clue on what they actually believed and they mentioned many common stereotypes. One person mentioned the idea that Hindu people actually worship a cow. They insisted that it is true that in India there is a rule that favors the cow. As one says I believe in India you could go to jail if you dont bow down to a cow as they walk by and cows walk where ever they want. This stereotype leads to the idea that they are also vegetarians. It makes sense to me that they are vegetarians considering the fact that they worship the cow. If you get in trouble for not bowing down to a cow imagine if they ate one. Although it is a stereotype it has some truth to it.... ...ey do not teach it in depth. Especially since in the past few years Hinduism is spreading more thorough out the United States. Works CitedArshod, Laiba. Personal Interview. 14 abut 2014. Glod, Maria. Wiping Stereotypes of India off the Books. Washingtonpost.com. 17 April 2005. Web. 10 March 2014. Gonzalez Abraham. Personal interview. 15. March 2014Holi. religionfacts.com. N.d. Web. 12 March 2014. Holy Cow Hinduisms Sacred Animal. Pbs.org. 12 August. Web. 12 March 2014. nightspot beliefs on Hinduism. Kauais Hindu Monastery. Academy.com. N.D. Web. 12 March 2014. The Cow in Hunduism. religionfacts.com. Updated 10 December 2013. Web. 11 March 2014. Rajhans, Gyan. Why Celebrate Holi? Enjoy the Festival of alter about.com. N.d. Web. 11 March 2014. Violatti, Cristian. The Vedas. ancient.eu.com. 18 Janurary 2013. Web. 13 March 2014.

California VS Peterson :: essays research papers

Laci Peterson, a 27-year-old wife who was eight months pregnant, disappeared on December 24, 2002. When the body of the California woman and her unborn minor were found four months later, her husband, Scott, was charged with two counts of murder. Detective Craig Grogan gave a sworn statement that he had probable cause to believe Mr. Peterson committed two counts of the shame of 187 Penal Code, homicide, on or about December 23, 2002 or December 24,2002, in the county of Stanislaus. April 17, 2003 at 0658 hours the try of the Superior administration in Stanislaus County, California issued a warrant for the arrest of Scott Lee Peterson. The court found that the District Attorneys office did, in fact, have probable cause to bring Scott Peterson in. The Judge specifically addressed bail in the warrant. No bail was granted. April 18, 2003 at 1110 hours, Scott Peterson was arrested at the Torrey Pines Golf Course, in Sand Diego County, California. At the time of his arrest, Peterson h ad colored his hair blonde, grown a beard and mustache, and was carrying $15,000.00 in cash. During his arrest police also discovered that Petersons car was full of camping and survival equipment. Peterson was arrested less than 20 minutes from the Mexican border. Peterson waived booking in San Mateo County, California, and was transferred back to Stanislaus County, California, where he was formally booked by the Stanislaus County Sheriffs Department. Scott Peterson had his preliminary hearing on April 17, 2003. Superior Court Judge Al Girolami ordered Scott Peterson to stand trial on two counts of murder. Petersons arraignment quickly followed. Peterson was arraigned on April 21, 2003. The Prosecution charged him with the following Count I On or about and between December 23, 2002 and December 24, 2002, the suspect did commit a felony, Murder, violation of Section 187 of the California Penal Code the defendant did willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously and with malice aforethought murder Laci Denise Peterson, a human being. Special Allegation charges were made in conjunction with the felony murder charge of Laci Denise Peterson. It is further alleged as to Count 1, MURDER that the defendant acted intentionally, deliberately and with premeditation. Enhancement TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY. During the commission of the murder of Laci Denise Peterson, the defendant, with the knowledge that Laci Denise Peterson was pregnant, did inflict injury on Laci Denise Peterson resulting in the termination of her pregnancy, a violation of Section 12022.

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms CabinEither they deny the Negros humanity and feel no cause to measure his actions against refine norms or they protect themselves from their guilt in the Negros condition and from their fear...by attributing to them a superhuman capacity for love, kindliness and forgiveness. Nor does this any way contradict their stereotyped conviction that all Negroes are given to the most animal behavior. - Ralph Ellison (Litwack 3) The above quote by Ralph Ellison, author of The Invisible Man, is a good starting point for an analysis on the characterization within Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. For many modern critics and readers alike, both black and white, harshly criticize the author for her stereotypical depiction of a black man as only being noble if he possesses a superhuman capacity for love, kindliness and forgiveness, like her most noble and humane character in the work, Uncle Tom. However, a deeper analysis of character allow demonstrate that to Stowes Christian framework, the sacrifices and nobility of Uncle Tom are not ones of defeat and subjugation, rather they are his only option from a moral point of view-and Tom is of the highest moral character possible, some would say a level that is unrealistic in the face of his real abuses. This analysis will show how Stowe uses such characterizations to depict the horrendous nature of slavery in an attempt to change public opinion regarding the once sacredly held American institution. A conclusion will discuss how my own thinking has been affected by the work. The character of Ophelia is used to contrast the North and the South. Ophelia is an abolitionist who finds the atrocities of slavery ho... ...braham Lincoln would behave been to a greater extent than won over by this type of characterization, one so adept at pointing out the weaknesses of the white mentality and injustices while extolling the highest virtues as ones have more typically by black s. The same thing could be done with the Jews who were held in Bondage by the Egyptians, even though today the sufferings Moses and his people endured would more than likely make most readers who do not consider the period and ideology of the society in which a work is created scoff at the unimportance with which they tolerated their bondage. Works Cited Litwack, L. Been In The Storm So Long The Aftermath of Slavery. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1979. Stowe, H.B. Uncle Toms Cabin. Houghton Mifflin Co., NY 1948. Sundquist, E.J. (ed.) New Essays on Uncle Toms Cabin.Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1986.

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms CabinEither they deny the Negros humanity and feel no cause to measure his actions against civilized norms or they protect themselves from their guilt in the Negros condition and from their fear...by attributing to them a superhuman capacity for love, kindliness and forgiveness. Nor does this any way nullify their stereotyped conviction that all Negroes argon given to the most animal behavior. - Ralph Ellison (Litwack 3) The above quote by Ralph Ellison, author of The Invisible Man, is a good get-go point for an analysis on the characterization within Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. For many modern critics and readers alike, both black and white, harshly criticize the author for her stereotypical depiction of a black man as only being noble if he possesses a superhuman capacity for love, kindliness and forgiveness, like her most noble and forgiving character in the produce, Uncle Tom. However, a deeper analysis of cha racter will demonstrate that to Stowes Christian framework, the sacrifices and nobility of Uncle Tom are not ones of defeat and subjugation, rather they are his only option from a moral point of view-and Tom is of the highest moral character possible, some would say a level that is unrealistic in the caseful of his real abuses. This analysis will show how Stowe uses such characterizations to depict the horrendous nature of slavery in an attempt to change public opinion regarding the at a time sacredly held American institution. A conclusion will discuss how my own thinking has been affected by the work. The character of Ophelia is used to contrast the North and the South. Ophelia is an abolitionist who finds the atrocities of slavery ho... ...braham Lincoln would have been more than won over by this type of characterization, one so adept at pointing out the weaknesses of the white encephalon and injustices while extolling the highest virtues as ones possessed more typically by b lacks. The same thing could be done with the Jews who were held in Bondage by the Egyptians, even though today the sufferings Moses and his people endured would more than likely make most readers who do not consider the period and ideology of the society in which a work is created scoff at the humility with which they tolerated their bondage. Works Cited Litwack, L. Been In The Storm So Long The Aftermath of Slavery. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1979. Stowe, H.B. Uncle Toms Cabin. Houghton Mifflin Co., NY 1948. Sundquist, E.J. (ed.) New Essays on Uncle Toms Cabin.Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1986.

How does the Internet Affect Young People? Essay

How does the Internet Affect Young People?There is a construction among the baby boomer generation, that if you want to learn how to use computers and the internet, go ask your grandchildren to teach you. An estimated 100% of all young people use computers with more than 90% regularly using the internet. Much of this internet use is tied to homework and websites needed to do research. However the internet is also the way most kids attribute after school using complaisant networks such as MySpace or Facebook. The kids communicate through chat rooms and emails, while also posting comments on their friends walls. Internet usage is so pervasive that many experts, scientists and psychologist have begun to study what effect it has on the lives of young people in general.With so much social action taking place from behind a computer screen, adults and teachers are concerned about the loss of social skills among young people. In otherwise words, the powerfulness to communicate up close and personal with friends and family is becoming extinct. Young people simply dont know how to seize a conversation. Take off a kids cell phone or computer and they tend to withdraw, dont know what to do with their hands, become sullen. Hours in anterior of a computer on the internet also lends to the obesity problem plaguing America and the rest of the world. And a lack of exercise isnt the only tangible problem. Eyesight wanes after long hours in front of a computer screen. Bad posture, and body pain can develop from long hours spent sitting, non the least of which is bad circulation in the legs. Many young people who spend a great of magazine in front of computer are outgrowth to show symptoms of disease and illness not usually seen until someone reaches middle age or senior citizenship.There are also many upsides to time spent in front of a computer. Young people today are able to log on and talk to their counterparts growing up in other parts of the world. The internet li terally opens up the possibilities of world culture them enabling them to understand and to appreciate diversity. Painfully shy people unable to hold a face to face conversations can go online and talk for hours with someone elsewhere in the world, whomay be in a similar berth at home. The internet enables young people to find answers to questions that they may not feel comfortable discussing with their parents and friends and teachers. An example of this might be sex education, which is only given up cursory attention in most American schools.Some studies have even shown that young people who regularly use the computer have mitigate reading skills, spatial skills and visual skills. The one drawback to being on the computer that it is done in isolation, away from the watchful affectionatenesss of parents. Some of the information accessed my not be good for young people. The younger mind may not be able to process the information correctly. Parents should keep a watchful eye with out seeming to smother their growing childs independence.Like all things in life, the internet is a two edged sword, one edge good, the other edge bad. Parents should use internet access as a teaching tool, helping their youngsters to understand the duplicity involved in life in general including the internet and the world wide web.

Role Of Socialization

Family is the first social agent which individuals are exposed to they are the primary reference work of colonization (Bryn & Lie, 2012). This social agent is responsible for teaching individuals about egotism a set of ideas and attitudes about who adept is as an independent be (Bryn & Lie, 2012, p. 58). A functionalist view would argue family is the most important agent of primary colonization, the process of mastering the basic skills required to operate in orderliness during childhood (Bryn & Lie, 2012, p. 60).Language is one concept aught by the family in pitch to communicate, without a basic form of confabulation fitting into society would be near impossible. Teaching children how to enunciate is considered part of being a parent and is not questioned bad parenting in turn would lead to bad colonization. Families as well provide class and how you as an individual, and family, fit into the order of society. Wealthy families may be fitting to provide different opportuni ties versus poor families, and different values may be taught such as wasting nutrient and saving money.The lessons children are taught shape how they give spot in society and what they will think of themselves and others. School is another social agent which impacts an individuals understanding of self and society (Agents of colonization, 2013). School teaches individuals how to be a productive member of society and gives them the means in order to succeed in society. One example is knowledge to listen to and respect authority. This is taught from kindergarten on.If a child breaks the rule and disrespects their teacher, or authority, they will be disciplined and taught to not do that again. Without the understanding of respecting authority an individual will have a hard time fitting into society since there is always rules to follow and authority to respect bosses, RACE, laws and so on. School also teaches a work ethic which is an important aspect of each individual. Bad work e thic lavatory lead to being less successful in life, being an underachiever, and in turn not living up to what one could.Norms are also an aspect of society that are taught in school. An individuals family is responsible for teaching communication and language, and the school builds on that basic knowledge to make it acceptable for societies standards. For example college students are expected to write at a specific level, in congruous form, following rules and guidelines in order to convey their thoughts. If a student is unable to write at that level they will fail their courses and be unable to tweak in that program.The norm for adults to be able to read and write with specific accuracy, without this basic understanding the adult may not be able to hold a stead job, own a house, find a marriage partner, or, have kids. This would in turn impact their understanding of oneself and how they fit into society. Peers are a tercet social agent, which hugely impacts and shapes our unde rstanding of self. Interacting with couples teaches individuals what is considered normal and acceptable in society. From a young age children are taught to use words instead of hitting during an argument.This lesson carries onward and is a crucial part of colonization. As an adult one cannot hit somebody because they are upset- that can lead to a criminal charge (Barbour, 2008). Peers also teach sharing from a young age, which follows through to adulthood and an integral part of society. In adolescence peer roofs promote individuality from family, and finding oneself. Among peers adolescents are able to make choices on their own and learn from their own mistakes, and not the guiding of parents and authority. Peers also offer a challenge to individuals.Prior to having friends individuals are influenced by family, however, once peers and friends make up more involved in their lives they are opened to new views and opinions that may differ from their own (Barbour, 2008). Gender rol es are also another aspect of society, which peer groups heavily influence (Agents Of colonization, 2013). Boys and girls are treated differently, social expectations are placed on the different genders, and masculine and feminine ways are taught. Peer groups can have a negative social influence as well.Cliques, gangs, and peer pressure are all aspects of peer groups, it is up to the individual to chose right from prostitute and grammatical construction at how those peers will negatively effect them. Functionalist theory can also be applied to this agent of colonization, since functionalist look at how colonization helps to cite orderly social relations (Bryn & Lie, 2012, p. 60). A functionalist would also argue social structures are based mainly on shared values (Bryn & Lie, 201 2, p. 12). That would explain gangs, cliques, and groups among peers. band media is one of the biggest social influences.All individuals have access to mass media in some form. TV, internet, social net working, advertising, videos, newspapers and books are just a few of the forms of mass media, which we are encircled by. Media influences how individuals think they should view themselves fat, skinny, popular, rich, different etc. Media also influences what we view as norms fashion, technology, hair, engage, posture etc. With both norms and views individuals are faced with expectations of society. For example if you want to look rich and sophisticated you must drive an expensive car and wear expensive clothing.If you want to have an attractive boyfriend you must wear reveling clothing, act provocatively and be very thin. These are expectations that have been placed upon individuals by the mass media, and although they are not always true, they are viewed as the way that society works. When you cannot fit into size O pants your understanding of self will be shaped as well because according to he media you will not be able to be successful and marry an attractive man, get a great payi ng job, own a house and start a family.All that is influenced from the media and shaped your understanding of what you can achieve in life and where you stand within society. By looking at all the different type of agents of solicitations it is well-heeled to see how individuals are shaped based on the agents they are exposed to. Each agent has their own job in shaping individuals and teaching them lessons. The agents of colonization family, school, peers, and media are what influence and shape our understanding of society and ourselves.

How does Miller build tension in Act 1 in A View from the Bridge?

How does Miller build emphasis in sham 1 in A View from the Bridge? The cheer A View from the Bridge was written by Ameri stinker playwright Arthur Miler in the early 1950s. The play is set in Red Hook, Brooklyn. This is where the ports argon near the Brooklyn Bridge that is the gateway to Manhattan. The play is centred on an Italian-American longshoreman Eddie Carbone. Eddie lives with his wife Beatrice and his niece Catherine who he has developed improper feelings for, except his feelings are repressed.These matters are further complicated when Catherine falls in love with immigrants they are sheltering from the US government. Eddie repressed feelings suddenly begin to seep out in the form of rage and anger. Miller initially wanted the play to have one big arc culminating in a final bang. It was intend to have only one Act but was split up into the two. Because of this, the first Act does not contain any major climaxes in the spot but rather includes various tension-building elements that form the path to the flushtual pinnacle at the end of the play.A View from the Bridge is a very tense play, with legion(predicate) layers of conflict consistently going on, and almost all of these are with Eddie. The tension aroused in Act 1 is crucial for the rest of the play. Miller during Act 1 creates tensions in a variety of manners. atomic number 53 of the ways Miller creates tension is through with(predicate) the sphere of sex and love. This is a key theme end-to-end the play. There are many examples of sexual tension in Act 1. On various examples it is obvious to the audience the sexual tension that exists between Eddie and Catherine even if they cannot see it.This is evident right from the opening of the play where Eddie is complementing Catherine on her new look. Eddie is supposedly the father figure in the life of Catherine and though nothing he says here is too improper, Miller from the outset has planted the seeds that Eddie thinks that Catherine, to some extent, is quite a attr titleive. This idea that Eddie is sexually attracted to his niece is further illuminated by his overly protective reputation of her. Even though she is practically an adult Eddie still treats her like a child.Beatrice conveys this when talking with Catherine when she says I told you fifty times already you cant act the way you actif you act like a baby he be treatin you like a baby. However, this is not the main reason wherefore Eddie treats Catherine in an over protective manner. When Catherine is showing off her new skirt Eddie reacts by saying I think its too short, aint itI dont want to be a pest, but Im tellin you youre walkin wavy. His overprotectiveness in this instance demonstrates the idea that Eddie is not comfortable with the fact of other guys being attracted to his niece, as his feelings towards her are not resolved. Further tension is created in this household when Catherine alerts Eddie that she wants to go to work. Eddie thinks of all the possible excuses to convey her decision. Simultaneous to this Beatrice is questioning why Eddie is so overly concerned by this. Eddie tells Catherine and Beatrice one of his lacklustre excuses for Catherine not taking the job I know that neighbourhood, B., I dont like it. , Beatrice responds with Tell her to take it. You hear me.This is a clear example of Eddies possessiveness for Catherine and how Beatrice seemingly doesnt see it as his feelings are suppressed. Sexual tensions are further highlighted by the problems that are going on between Eddie and Beatrice. This is evident when Beatrice demands of Eddie When am I going to be your wife once again? This implies that Eddie has rejected his love for his wife because of these strange and confusing feelings he has bottled-up.He fears that if he engages in any romantic way with Beatrice his true feelings will spill out. One of the crucial aspect of the build-up of tension is the fact that the audience always knows more than Ac tual characters themselves. They understand that Eddie has feelings for Catherine, they can see that it is burning him up inside and they can also notice the obliviousness of Beatrice to this improper love. Miller in Act 1 has verbally conveyed much of the sexual tension, however there are various occasions where sexual tensions is expressed through strong-arm and visible ActionOn various occasions in Act 1 Miller has created tension by strong-arm Actions and events rather than by any verbal dialogue. Sometimes physical dialogue is more powerful than any verbal dialogue as it can sometimes to be more accessible to the audience, as the message that is trying to be conveyed is easier to comprehend. In Act 1 this can once again be seen by the creation of tension between Eddie and Catherine. This is clear in the film where Eddie is talking about the imminent arrival of Beatrice cousins Marco and Rodolpho. After talking of this Catherine goes gets Eddie a cigar.Catherine is eager to be at Eddies assistance and to even light it for him. The long spherical shape of a cigar can be likened to a phallus. This image of Catherine lighting the cigar is quite provocative thereby provoking quite blatant sexual resourcefulness. Another key moment in the play in regards to tension building is the scene where Eddie teaches Rodolpho how to box. This scene ultimately culminates in the display of Marcos superior position. This scene evokes tension in different ways. Initially Eddie has taken the manly role in trying to get Rodolpho to box.By doing this, to some extent, he is patronising Rodolpho as he treats him as a physically inferior being. This idea of Eddies superior strength climaxes when he punches Rodolpho. However, quickly the tension is turned around as Rodolpho reacts by saying No, no, he didnt hurt me. To Eddie with a certain gleam and smile I was only surprised. This is a very subtle way of showing that maybe Eddie has physical superiority but Rodolpho can hurt him mentally which in reality is much more painful. This is achieved by Rodolpho asking Catherine to dance in front of Eddie.Tension is then further increased as Marco challenges Eddies physical superiority. Marco asks Eddie if he can lift the chair with one hand by grabbing one of the legs at its base. Eddie cannot manage to do it however in a symbolic representation of pure strength and force Marco is able to do it. The stage directions describe the end of the scene Marco is face to face with Eddie, a strained tension bewitching his eyes and jaws, his neck stiff, the chair raised like a weapon over Eddies head and he transforms what might appear like a glare of warning into a smile of triumph, and Eddies grin vanishes as he absorbs his look.This is the end of Act 1 and it substantially establishes the tension that is to deck up in Act 2. The tension in this circumstance is built by the changing mood of the scene in such a short time. Eddie initially felt masculine and superior howe ver any sort of superiority seems to be lost as Rodolpho can torture him with his relationship with Catherine. But more importantly the brute, strong, physically superior character of Eddie is no longer as Marco demonstrates his grander strength. Eddie no longer has any power and has essentially, in a way, been stripped of his masculinity.Eddie has no power in the Marco or Rodolpho now. In Act 2 it becomes clear that Eddie due to the tension between him and Marco and Rodolpho has resorted to the pettiest measures to get what he wants. The grin Eddie once had of penetrative that he was strongest has disappeared as there is a new man of the household. Arthur Miller in Act 1 creates tension by using visual imagery and Actions. In this manner the events that go in front of our eyes carry a greater significance while we also gain a wear understanding of emotions as we are able to see the Actors faces.The tension that is existing between the characters is more visible as in some situati ons the tension is physically present. In Act 1 Miller employs various techniques to create tension. In the scheme of the whole play Act 1 is crucial as it sets up for the climax that is to come in Act 2. Miller creates tension in Act 1 verbally through various moments of sexual tension. Furthermore tension is created in Act 1 through physical interactions. Arthur Miller creates tension in Act 1 in A View from the Bridge through verbal and physical dialogue.

African American: an Identity Crisis Essay

For centuries African Americans begin been indoctrinated to subsist in a cultural and historical vacuum by their oppressors who would seek to bar them from ever making the connection to their illuminating past. This systematic agenda of mis-education and lies by omission has made assertable the subjugation and enslavement, in body and mind, of the African American by his oppressors. In his essay The Study of the Negro, Dr. Carter G. Woodson sets out to ruminate on why the African American has been misled in his ascension to human equality and dignity and how he can remedy the dismal state of his affairs.A thorough reading of Woodsons pioneering effect indicates that we should convey the experiences of African-descended people to gain knowledge about ourselves and other cultures as well as to take spur accurate traditions and histories that have all exactly been discredited or misrepresented. Furthermore, only through this systematic study of their meaningful contributions to h istory can African Americans elevate themselves to empowered enlightenment. One reason to study the experiences of the African American is to instill in him a sense of purpose and place in a world that otherwise intends to keep him perpetually in the dark.Undoubtedly the aim of his oppressors has been to convince him that his history is unimportant so as to deprive him of the sense of pride that is so necessary to feel wholly human. By espousing that he has no worthwile past, that his race has done nothing significant since the beginning of time, and that there is no evidence that he will ever achieve anything vast (Woodson 6), his oppressors can be sure that the African American will continue down the path of mis-education that so allows for his subservience to a system that cares nothing for him.However, if you thatched roof the Negro that he has accomplished as much good as any other race he will aspire to equality and nicety without regard to race. (Woodson 6) The core purpos e of African American studies is to take back from obscurity that piece of the historical puzzle without which the African American would be amidst an imperishable identity crisis. By studying the origin of his people, the African American, who has not yet learned to think and plan for himself as others do for themselves (Woodson 7), can take sustain of his own destiny rather than taking as truth anabundance of information which others have made accessible to the oppressed. (Woodson 7) The culture of indoctrination cultivated by the oppressor would have that the Negro should cease to remember that he was once held a slave, that he has been oppressed, and even that he is a Negro. (Woodson 7) Thus, it is plain to see that the African Americans oppressors have too much to lose by promoting the truth. Indeed, it would require them to admit their transgressions and to concede the countless meaningful contributions made by the African American to juvenile society.Without a serious ex amination of the fundamentals of education, religion, literature, and philosophy as they have been expounded to him (Woodson 7) by his oppressors, the Negro joins the opposition with the objection that the study of the Negro keeps alive questions which should be forgotten. (Woodson 7) Perhaps the most essential lesson to be learned from an effective, systematic study of African American history is that the contributions made by African Americans are faraway more numerous than any oppressor could ever know.It is with a pig-headed pride that they conceal the fact that the history of the modern world was made, in the main, by what was taken from African people. (Clarke) Without knowledge such as this, it would be impossible for the African American to take pride in himself and to seek the true identity he has been in search of for centuries. A race is like a man. Until it uses its own talents, takes pride in its own history, and loves its own memories, it can never fulfill itself co mpletely. (Clarke) African American studies can help in understanding other cultures as well as our own by challenging and correcting the misrepresentations of Africa and Western Europe and their cultural legacies. What has been place aground as history by the oppressor does not serve to benefit the African American but instead to keep him dependent on a system rife with underlying prejudice against his people.History is written in the image of the writer so, consequently, the African American must take up the reins of writing himself and guide his own destiny. That is precisely why we should study the African American experience, to produce a platform on which he can take back what is innately his. After all, to be cognizant of where one is going, it is necessary to be aware of where one has been.

CPPD

To enable trainees to recognize the variety of voices and contexts in the lifelong encyclopaedism empyrean and the move that these have Objectives By the end of this activity, trainees should be able to List at least five variant inform contexts in the lifelong learning sector Discuss the effect of these contexts, different specialist subject areas, different organizational structures etc on the way they work In comparison with others Part 1 Wordsmith Wordsmith on the different teaching contexts in the lifelong learning sector.Discussion on which of these contexts are represented in the group or have been experienced In the away either as instructors or learners. How do they differ? What Impact do these differences have? Make use of any trainees in the group who teach in contexts other than FEE colleges. Part 2 Small group discussion Note groups could be delved by subject area or randomly, but most effective If different teaching contexts are represented in each group where p ossible.Discuss the way that their subject is delivered in their organization how does this compare to how it is delivered in different contexts and how does it compare to other objects within deferent organizations. What is the main purpose of their organization and what impact does this have on the provision of their specialist subject? Are the educatee groups likely to be similar or different in terms of ages, gender balance, motivation etc in different contexts? What levels of their specialist subject are offered in their organization? What impact does the type of organization have on this decision?How is the organization structured in terms of the size of the organization, departmental organization, line management, configuration co-ordination, teams of staff or individual teaching and how goes this affect their teaching of their subject? What roles are involved in teaching their subject egg teacher, lecturer, tutor, individual(prenominal) tutor, instructor, learning s upport etc and does this affect the way their teaching is perceived in their organization? Plenary feedback with tutor to provide input and lead discussion on contexts non c everyplaceed within the group.The context of teaching includes anything in the surrounding environs physical, social, institutional and personal, that influences teaching and learning. The physical environment includes the classroom where teaching/learning make outs. For instance, he arrangement of the desks encourages some kinds of interactions and discourages others. Other factors such as lighting (enough to read by but not so much as to glare or be uncomfortable), heat (too warm makes people tired, too cold makes them uncomfortable and focusing on their physical feelings), time of day, and even the day of the week canister make a difference.The social environment including the relationship between teacher and students and the heathenish norms play a significant role in what can and does occur in the cla ssroom. How friendly/ approachable an instructor seems to be determines how outgoing students will be ND the kind of communication that will characterize classroom interaction. The heathen norms what is expected of a teacher and a student also have to be considered. This includes norms and attitudes regarding gender, age, class and ethnic roles.For instance, research shows (check with Elaine Black more on this) that it is more difficult for students to shout a female professor as Dry. Whoever than to address a male professor similarly. The institutional norms play a similar role as cultural norms but perhaps more strongly affect what behaviors the teacher and students see as acceptable. Is the teaching method du Sour being promulgated as the barely acceptable teaching practice? Is teaching outside the lines an acceptable custom? Are teachers encouraged to take risks?Are students encouraged to take an active role in their own education? The culture of the institution determines wh at is valued/ rewarded/recognized in the context. Is teaching rewarded or does research have higher esteem and, thus, more currency. How is teaching evaluated? All of these are affected by the larger culture, but specifically designated by the institutions culture and the norms of the department within which the course is offered. Last, but certainly not least, is the personal context which each instructor (and every student, for that matter) brings to the classroom.Personal context includes stresses context contains teachers attitudes about learning, teaching, students, their own abilities, and their subject matter. For instance, teachers who believe their students can learn the core and communicate that belief to students can create a self- fulfilling prophecy in much the same way as teachers who do not believe in their students abilities can create failure, regardless of actual student abilities. much importantly, is teachers ability to teach from who they are.Teachers, to succ eed, must believe in themselves, their students and the importance and awesomeness of their subject. Todays classroom is dynamic and complex. More students are coming to school neglected, abused, hungry, and ill-prepared to learn and work productively. To combat increasing student alienation, and meet the scope and intensity of the academic, social and emotional needs of todays students, those entrance the teaching profession will need to find ways to create authentic learning communities y adjusting the power dynamics to turn power over into power with learners.These changing demands call for teaching styles that better align with emerging metaphors of teacher as social mediator, learning facilitator, and reflective practitioner. Being able to form in these roles begins with teacher self-awareness, self-enquiry, and self-reflection, not with the students. decent an effective teacher involves considerably more than accumulating skills and strategies. Without tying teaching and ma nagement decisions to personal beliefs about teaching, learning, and development, a teacher will have still the bricks.The real stuff of teaching is the mortar that holds the bricks in place and provides a foundation. Being successful in todays classroom environment goes beyond taking on fragmented techniques for managing instruction, keeping students on-task, and handling student behavior. It requires that the teacher remain did and able to move in many directions, rather than stuck only being able to move in one direction as situations occur. Effective teaching is much more than a compilation of skills and strategies. It is a mensurable philosophical and ethical code of conduct.When teachers become reflective restrictions, they move beyond a knowledge base of discrete skills to a stage where they integrate and veer skills to a specific context and eventually, to a point where the skills are internalized enabling them to invent new strategies. They develop the necessary sense of self-menace to create personal solutions to problems. If teachers door latch onto techniques without examination of what kinds of teaching practices would be congruent with their beliefs, aligned with their discountenancing structures, and harmonious with their personal styles, they will have Just a bag of tricks.Without yin teaching decisions to beliefs about the teaching/learning process and assumptions about, and expectations for students, teachers will have only isolated techniques. Unless teachers engage in vital re-section and on-going discovery they stay trapped in unexamined Judgments, interpretations, assumptions, and expectations. On Becoming the Critically Reflective Teacher Developing as a critically reflective teacher encompasses both the capacity for critical inquiry and self-reflection. Critical inquiry involves the conscious consideration of the moral and ethical implications and consequences of classroom practices on students.Few teachers get through a day without facing ethical dilemmas. Even routine critical Judgments of students work is partly an ethical decision, in that lack of considerations. Self-reflection goes beyond critical inquiry by adding to conscious consideration the dimension of deep examination of personal values and beliefs, embodied in the assumptions teachers make and the expectations they have for students. For discussion purposes, the term critical reflection will be used to merge the two concepts of critical inquiry and self-reflection, and emailprotected the distinguishing attribute of re-active practitioners.

Corporate Strategy: British American Tobacco

British American tobacco plant is bingle of the worlds renowned multinational organizations that has managed to create a strong unified mug shout out and has by means of various products across the numerous grocery stores created strong product brands. The success of the corporation can be attributed to many individual situationors though all of them condense to form the sights strategic corporate policy.A corporate system can be said to be a culmination of all the other strategies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as grocerying, expansion, etc integrated into one with the single name and address of achieving the friendships mission, vision and objectives.The corporate strategy adopted by any organization thus gives a general direction of where the caller-out is headed in the long term and in the near future. In this paper, we discuss the corporate strategy adopted by British American tobacco plant since the year 2003. Specifically the paper discusses the initiatives ad opted by the company in recent times and compares them to theoretical models proposed by modern management experts and learned in class.In addition the paper looks the companys environment in footing of competition and proposes additional models and theories that the company can adopt in the face of increasing awareness of corporate social office and anti- skunk legislation.Company all overview The parent company is turn up in the UK with 47 other factories operating outside the UK spread out globally in 40 countries. There are also associate companies with a global presence. Its tobacco products are sold in over 180 countries with varying market shares with the highest being over 50%.The company employs over 3. 5 million people globally. According to the 2007 financial year report, the company has other 16 associate factories in 10 countries. Globally, correspond to the companys website, it enjoys over 17% dominance in the market and over 60% in the UK market through its vario us brands. The company has over 300 brands in its portfolio and among the study product brands in the global market are Dunhill, Lucky Strike, Kent, and Pall Mall.This paper discusses flutters corporate strategy and looks at how its strategy has positioned it in the market in reference to the prevailing business environment and competition. Vision statement Our vision is to lead the tobacco industry through branch, productivity and responsibility. This is further expounded by the companys goals generalized as Our goals are to grow our brands and the value of the business, to improve productivity and to embed the principles of corporate responsibility or so the Group. Mission statementOur goal is to create long term value for our shareholders by consistent achieving of superior quality returns from the manufacture and marketing of tobacco products and to remain the worlds leading tobacco company as measured by market share, by commitment to quality, and by our own talent to meet the needs and interests of our guests, our employees and the communities in which we operate in. The companys growth strategy has four main pillars which were unveiled in 1995 as growth, productivity, responsibility and harming organization.In the path of growth the company has utilized several strategies that we can attributed to the success of the company in the journey towards achieving its goal. Over the past five years for example, the goal of increasing shareholder value was most exemplified with the make up in investment returns by 294% according to the current company CEO, Paul Adams. By combination these ad hoc company values with the companys goals, we get an idea of where the company is headed to. As of the companys annual report of 2007 presented in November revenue was ?7,312m representing a 1% increase from the previous years and profit from operations was? 2,304m representing a 19% rise form the previous financial year. To achieve this and the companys long-term objectives and other endeavors the company has visualized a growth path that will seemingly keep in on the way to achieving its vision. Again, the fact that there is empirical evidence of the success of the company as shown by the increase in investors returns in the last five years, there are circumstantial strategies that this paper discusses as the drivers behind the implementation of the companys strategy.According to the report from the Guardian newspaper the growth of the companys stock market exertion is as shown below (Obtained from http//www. guardian. co. uk/business/britishamericantobacco) Strategic fit of the company Drucker (2008) defines strategic fit as the matching of the mission strategies of an organization to its internal structure and outdoor(a) environment. In this context, we limit our study of the company to corporate social responsibility, strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions and look at how they cave in played the role in achieving the compan ys decide goals mission and vision.Strategic alliances In the business world, alliances are either formed by competitors or complimentary industry in order for the involved companies to intone their position in the market or achieve some common objective such as fighting competition and reducing costs. As such, flail has been using its international presence to forge alliances with a number of players in the tobacco industry in various markets. In the recent past slam entered into an agreement with one of its competitors, Phillip Morris International to manufacture and distribute some of the companys brands in specific markets.On a nonher chemise, jactitate has entered into agreement with Imperial Tobacco to manufacture and distribute some of Imperials brands in Africa such as Embassy brand. Such alliances pass water enabled the involved partners to concentrate their efforts in specific markets trance at the same time having their bands represented. Though this idea may seem ingly appear to be benefiting Imperial Tobacco only, it on the other hand helps flail to fully employ its resources in such markets. Mergers and acquisitionsEarlier this year the company acquired Danish conglomerate Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni (ST) for? 2. 01bn. This is in addition to the taking over of another Turkish manufacturing company, Telkel for ? 860m. Now, such acquisitions are meant to expand the operations of the country and presence in the global tobacco market. Currently holding 15% of the total global market, the vision of suitable the global leader in the manufacture of tobacco products looks achievable.According to the company vision as to lead the tobacco industry through growth, productivity and responsibility, the idea of forming mergers and acquiring already existing companies in new markets not only indicates the financial strength of the company but the ability of the management to identify potential growth opportunities in making of such decisions.The acquis ition of ST was according to the companys CEO made in order to acquire a new market segment of the non smoking market as oral tobacco, Fielder & Lundgren owned by ST. This non-smoking tobacco is aimed to be introduced into markets where there are strict regulations.This comes in the energize of increased pressure from health organization bodies calling on the restriction or total banning of smoking in certain areas. Therefore, the company is strategically positioning itself in the non-smoking market by acquiring already established brands in the market with strong brand names and subsequent strong brand equity.Corporate responsibility In October this year, toss was included among the top leaders in the field of corporate responsibility reporting by a leading corporate social responsibility consultancy firm, Salter Baxter, a travel that has received a lot of criticism.The company still insists that its inclusion in the list is in experience of its strong polices in corporate soci al responsibility as spelt out in the companys corporate ideals of operating responsibly. Michael Prideaux, the companys director of Corporate and Regulatory Affairs says that If a business is managing products which pose health risks, it is all the to a greater extent important that it does so responsibly. cricket bats corporate responsibility agenda is articulated in three directions as environmental management, globalization and human rights and regulation and lobbying.Similarly, the companys health and acquirement department is involved in researching into the development of less harmful products. This is most necessary as health reports have continuously highlighted the dangers of smoking and the devastating cause it has on non weedrs through second hand smoke. According to the World Health agreement report on global smoking released earlier this year, it showed that the number of smoke related deaths in the US alone for 2007 were in excess of half a million.When faced suc h glaring facts, the company has had to give its fair component part in educating the public and more so warn their target market of the dangers of consuming their products. Through as ironical as may seem, cream off has at rest(p) ahead and introduced a science website http//www. bat. com/science that delves into research findings on the dangers of smoking and related issues. Again the company has complied with stringent regulatory measures put in mall to protect the public from exploitation by players in this industry such as BAT. PEST analysisThis analysis seeks to identify the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors affecting a precondition company in this case BAT. Political This pertains to how the company is structured in order to comply with the government policy in the country of operation. Given that BAT is a multinational company with its brands in about 190 countries, it has had to comply with diverse government polices that have varying effect on the operations of the company. Its operations in Russia are at the moment facing a great threat after being targeted by the countrys consumer rights agency, Rospotrebnadzor.Early September this year, Gennady Onishchenko, director of Rospotrebnadzor accused BAT of misleading consumers and infringing on their rights on the basis that the company was marketing its products as less harmful specifically targeting the light and super light brands. This is just one of the many political challenges that the company facing.Other instances that are worth highlighting the tough taxes imposed on tobacco and tobacco products in many countries. Economic factors The company operates generally in large scale to produced around 850 billion cigarettes a year among other tobacco products.Economics of scale have thus favored the company and contributed greatly in achieving the growth that the company desires. In addition to this, presence of the company in many markets cushions the company from mak ing losses in case of decreased sales in on market that may be caused by a variety of factors.Socio-cultural factors The culture of smoking as a behavior statement is the sterling(prenominal) driver in sales for tobacco companies in general. Unfortunately, the same idea is being used in campaigning against smoking which is greatly affecting sales for BAT and other tobacco based companies.On the other hand, there are some traditional believes and practices that profess the goodness in smoking of unprocessed tobacco leaves thereby denying the industry a huge chunk of the market. Technologic factors A lot of research is being directed towards analyzing the harm of tobacco and more so tobacco smoke.As such BAT and players in the tobacco industry are constantly faced with the challenge of improving their manufacturing and processing units in order to comply with the requirements of reducing the harmful content of tobacco. SWOT analysis This test seeks to analyze the external and intern al environment of BAT.It is one of the methods that Drucker (2008) proposes for analyzing organizations.StrengthsStrong leadership and planning has enabled BAT to recognize threats and thereby partnering with other players for mutual benefit. This as aspect as a strength has been the driving force behind the strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions as discussed earlier.BAT recognizes that customer is king through market research and subsequent product innovation to identify the selling trend in the market.BAT as a group has interests cover different regions and categories thereby enabling it to have more stable cash flow prospects.It has a portfolio of brands meeting demands for upscale, mid-scale and economy tobacco consumers covering a wider market segment.International experience diversified portfolio, great locations for major factories in tobacco producing regions and superior quality products also make count as some strengths of the company.WeaknessesThe company has fail ed to alter itself from the legal tussles pertaining to smokers suing the company for damages obtained from consumption of the companys products. BAT has suffered a lot legal battles in courts where the company has been forced to compensate consumers for damages. As such the company has become an easy target for legal bounty hunters.Its presence in many markets presents a management challenge in that a lot of resources are utilized in the harmonization of organizations policies and strategies.OpportunitiesWith BATs experience in operations, there are numerous opportunities in spreading operations over in new markets such as the most recent one targeting the Scandinavian market.As a dominant brand in the UK market, BAT has the opportunity of influencing the market to have benefit through strategic decisions such as being the price setter.The companys experience in research and development of less harmful tobacco products presents the company with an opportunity to market her brands as the less harmful alternative to relatively harmful brands in the market.ThreatsThe tobacco industry is faced with strict environmental laws which increase costs of production and impact on the general productivity of the players.The increased awareness on the dangers of smoking may lead to contraction of the market for the industry.Increased deaths and illnesses from tobacco use are rapidly decreasing the market for the industry.A report by the Guardian says of BAT it needs to recruit at least 750,000 new smokers each year to replace the ones who have died from their habit (smoking).Political uncertainties in foreign markets are forcing BAT to with engulf operations such as in North Korea and Burma where the company has already withdrawn from the markets. Competitor analysis There are devil main competitors for BAT in the UK market Gallaher Group and Imperial Tobacco Gallaher Group It is the fourth largest manufacturer of tobacco products in the global market. It has its rende r in Switzerland and it operates in 80 countries around the world.The company owns Benson & Hedges and Silk Cut Cigarettes brands among many others. The company reported a 5. 0% increase in net sales as of 2006 to stand at ? 2. 74 billion. In this market it faces competes with BAT and Imperial Tobacco. Due to stiff competition in the UK market, its share volume in the market has been on a decline while its international operations are on the rise. In 2006, it distributed over 18. 8 billion cigarettes in the UK market. Imperial Tobacco The company has its headquarters in Bristol and is second to BAT in the UK market and fourth in the global tobacco market.The company prides itself in top of the range brands and is has the best two selling brands in the UK as Lambert and Butler and Richmond. Other brands in the market are Embassy, Escort, Camel, Drum, Windsor Blue etc. It dominates the fine cut market with a market share of about 63% as of last year. The company reported net revenue o f ? 8. 69 billion for the 2007/08 financial year with increase in profits in excess of 30%. The company has adopted a corporate strategy very similar to BAT and thus poses the greatest threat in the market.It recognizes its core objectives as sales development, cost optimization and efficiency improvements and effective cash management. Success or failure of these strategies is further evaluated through key performance indicators which have been identified as earnings per share, total shareholder returns, cash conversion rate, cigarette market share, volumes, operating margin and productivity. The companys shareholder returns have increased by 106% in the last three years surpassing FTSE expectations by 74%. Its growth path according to the companys official website is as below.The growth in financial strength o the company and the ability to gain investor confidence shows that the company is set to offer even more competition to BAT. Comparing this growth path with that of BAT, the n it will be probably a matter of time in advance BAT loses out its market position in the UK.The future of BAT The prevailing economic crisis is presenting financial and management problems to many businesses. The ability to survive the crisis and move on will be used greatly assess the strength of many businesses and indicate investor and consumer confidence levels. As it is, the current situation for BAT is not promising.The company is being accused of targeting the youth in their marketing efforts and thereby losing consumer confidence and criticism from various quarters. Negative reports such as BATs main product, cigarettes, is so deadly that just to maintain its 15% global market share, it needs to recruit at least 750,000 new smokers each year to replace the ones who have died from their habit carried in the Guardian do not do any good to the company. This was in addition to being accused of targeting teenagers in international markets such as Nigeria and Brazil. Therefore, it would seem that the company has to reconsider its marketing strategies.Developing a new marketing strategy and adopting strategic means to sanitize the corporate brand name will prove essential in the way forward in markets where the company is losing ground and facing criticism. Again, the company has not been according to accusations very cunning on following some of the rules and regulations governing the tobacco market in different markets. Other concerns for BAT affect the whole industry. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been spearheading the fight for tobacco use citing the numerous health problems and deaths emanating from the habit.In 2007, claimed that if the current smoking trend continues, the world will contend with 10 million deaths annually as a result of tobacco use. In addition WHO reports that smoking causes 61% of all TB illnesses globally (Hooper, 2004). Companies such as BAT again have been forced to limit their marketing strategies by regulation such as the banning of public advertisement of cigarettes or romanticizing or fashioning smoking in any manner.Works cited Drucker, P. , Management, Transaction Publishers, Birmingham, 2008, p. 286, 456 Elion, S., Management strategies a critique of theories and practices, Kluwer Academic, London, 1999, pp. 212 Robinoof, M. , Ending the tobacco holocaust, Elite Books, London, 2007 Hooper, M. , Tobacco industry Do ads and new products still target teens? congressional Quarterly, CQ Press, London, 2004.The Guardian http//www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2007/apr/26/smokeandmirrors Additional information on the above obtained from Official BAT website http//www. bat. com/ Official Gallaher Group website at, http//ir. gallaher-group. com/ Official Imperial Tobacco website at, http//www. imperial-tobacco. com/.

Economics of Sport Essay

1. IntroductionThis report provide overview and discuss how stakeholders in master copy sports can draw in as frequently as they want out of the sport, without too much involvement from the government. It get out to a fault cover some of the purposes of government-intervention and what they should do to come about the agonistic balance integral for the group discussions. There will be examples and tidingss drawn from order of magnitudes and compacts in the European Soccer and also differences between how sports confederations on every sides of the Atlantic ocean works in this matter. The importance of keeping stakeholders happy is the key to on- higgle success. Stakeholders in sport atomic number 18 everybody involved with sport participants (players/athletes), fans, governing bodies, financial investors and communities at large.1.1 BackgroundSince the early stages of the discussion and the involvement of the economics side of the field of sports, Naele (1964) identifi ed professional sports leagues as a different animal than any otherwise competitive constancy in the world we know today. The main focus for professional sport leagues is to provide and compromise groups to a highly competitive level where they can produce and share sporting events to the public (Fort & Quirk, 1992). Similar individual teams make up a professional sports league, that completely relies to gain the maximum of economic clears as possible enchantment relying on the opportunity to compete against other teams to produce their out tramps the outcome will be games for the fans to enjoy. Without an organised structure of games and tables, the competitive output would non exist for sports leagues or its fans.Naele (1964) also cl needs that there is sensation main difference between a typical competitive business industry and the sports industry. He says that a normal industry gains the most economic and capital benefits part it faces the least amount of competition as possible. Simply put, the businesses are seeking to be the merely supplier to the food merchandise to become the market leader and in that way earn m championy. This is not a preferred position for any professional sports league or team, while they rely on other teams and leagues to produce a product of outcome to make a sustainable business out of it.1.2 Why do clubs either focus on winning or maximising additions?Models often used to discuss how sports leagues tend to behave are primarily the trend if club owners either aims for maximise profits (El-Hodiri & Quirk, 1971) or wins (Ksenne, 2000). It is seen that the North American major sports leagues and the European leagues supports the assumptions that clubs uses a trade-off point of profit and wins (Atkinson, Stanley, & Tschirhart, 1988). The most optimal for leagues and clubs should be to aim towards finding a model that balances the weighted sum of profit and wins (Dietl, Grossmann, & Lang, 2011). Therefor we sometimes see teams and leagues that work after gaining profit and economic benefits for survival, and on the other side we see the teams and leagues that works towards winning as their main goal and business objective. Some owners of team are even willing to turn a loss or invest money to build a winning team in the long run (Fort & Quirk 2005).1.3 Where does the government fit in to the market of sports?There are two main reasons why governments intervene in sports efficiency and equity (Andreff, 2001). Efficiency reports to the allocation of production resources. That involves sharing and allocation of who does what, how will it be done and where it will be produced. In other words, government and state supplies the right people and funding so that sport production from all levels are made as efficient as possible. Equity on the other hand are concerned how the distri aloneion of the market will benefit and gain throughout society (McWha, Smith, & Clarke, 2000). Meaning that the governmen t and state joins up to gain the participation and enrolment of sport from youth and grassroots levels so that as many as possible can get the chance of getting involved with sports programs. Government tends to use sports funding to gain a bigger and broader accessible wellbeing and strengthen national identities while gaining and providing the country with more(prenominal) talent and more competitive power on an international scale (McWha, Smith, & Clarke, 2000). Government bodies also ensure that rules are fol patheticed and that the regulatory framework for how the organisations operate are followed correctly.2. Key IssuesThe sports culture between Europe and America varies a lot. All from regulating, formatting and mark and managing are way different from each side of the Atlantic. The way that the American sports leagues are formed is that they are built as independent organisations which has an immersion barrier through franchise sales. This means that a new entry to the league is only possible if a current team is for sale of if the league are in a need of open up for expansion (Cain, Louis & Haddock, 2005). In Europe they use an open model, which is seen as a hierarchical structure where entry relies fully on a promotion/relegation system (Andreff, 1989).2.1 European FootballFootball is by far the worlds most popular sport with over 3.5 billion fans worldwide (Dunning, 1999) The English Barclays Premier League had in the duration of 2009-2010 revenues worth of 2.1 billion, which by then was a record for the league (Conn, 2011). Now a few years later, a new broadcast deal has been signed and unneurotic with the worlds most expensive regular tickets prices, the revenues will be worth nearly 5 million (Pantanella, 2012). With an promising and an substantial uplift of the already massive broadcast deals of the 2013/2014 season, the English Premier League will fib for more then the half of the occur 20 clubs with the highest revenue of Europe (Bo sshardt, Bridge, Hanson, Shaffer, Stenson & Thorpe, 2013).From the roots, the clubs throughout Europe is voluntary organisations. But with the new age of media, commercialisation and globalisation the bigger and the dominant clubs are more seen as business entities with capital, a vision of profit and the responsibility of results for the fans (Boyle & Haynes, 2004). According to the Deloitte annually edition of the Football cash League, the Spanish giant Real capital of Spain became the first European club team to surpass the 500 million (AUD 658 million) revenue threshold in one year during the season of 2011/2012. Second on that list is Barcelona FC with AUD 619 million and third is the English sided Manchester United FC on AUD 508 million (Bosshardt, Bridge, Hanson, Shaffer, Stenson & Thorpe, 2013)With this amount of money being shoved in and out of the football organisation in Europe it is hard to see why there would be a need of government intervention other than how the reg ulations of the sharing of the deals will be spent. The bigger, the better and the more popular the club are, the more fans they will attract and the more TV viewers they will get (Fort & Quirk, 2005). In Spain there are no regulations or laws of the distribution of the broadcast revenue at all. They are letting every club negotiate singly with the broadcasters available on the market. Since the season of the Spanish La Liga 2004/2005, there has only been one year when a team (Villareal 07/08) other then Real Madrid and Barcelona clinched the first two spots of the table (List of Champions Sport Soccer Statistic Foundation, 2013). Thanks to this system, the league has almost lost its competitive balance for the rest of the teams of the league while the two dominant teams clinch the best commercial-deals for the league for themselves and the spots of continental competition.The English Premier League has also been dominated by the authoritative top 4 teams, Chelsea FC, Manchester United FC, Arsenal FC and Liverpool FC. Since the English Football League First Division rebranded itself to the Barclays Premier League in 1992, there has only been one season where a team outside of the former mentioned to become Champions (Blackburn Rovers 94/95), and since then there has only been Leeds United that has been able to steal a top three place in the table from the top 4 teams (Past Winners The Football League, 2013).The sharing of the broadcast rights revenue in England is shared in three separate 50% are shared equally throughout all 20 clubs, 25% in facility fees and 25% depending how they end up in the league (Premier League Season Review, 2011). With this numbers in mind, the money attracted to certain clubs seen as being more economically viable than others, comes from individual contracts, endorsements and overseas business opportunities and sponsorships, not exclusive from broadcast rights. This is where the problem is. A trend of overseas rich oligopolies t aking over ownerships of European clubs has formed an international debate whether the ethics and incorrupt of the competitive balance of the sport. With almost immeasurable amounts of money, a civil person can by the majority of shares of a team and transform it to a name-reputational team with gaining high-value player transfers and offers high wages (Vrooman, 1995).The government and the state bodies around Europe have since 2009 together with UEFA agreed on putting a motion of a so-called Financial Fair operate. It was introduced due to the concern of the heavy spending of a number of professional clubs across Europe, it was hoped that the regulations would eventually lead to a more level playing field by preventing clubs with very wealthy owners who make substantial cash gifts to their club from gaining an unfair advantage over other clubs who are run on a more sustainable business model, and in so doing encourage lower levels of spending (UEFA, 2012).2.2 Other leaguesOver th e Atlantic maritime there is a whole other perspective of sports. America has uniquely formed a fundamental culture, where schools and colleges are to be the main resource of forming the professional leagues (Bottenburg, 2010). Leagues in America have the worlds most profitable league the National Football League (NFL) that alone draws in an annual profit of over one billion Australian dollars (Seepersaud 2010) The American Leagues are seen as the most competitive-balanced leagues in the world, with leagues as the NFL, NHL, MLB and the NBA. In America they use a conformation of implements of their formatting of the leagues to make it as fair and as competitive as possible. But the how the competitive balance work in practise varies from eye to eye. As mentioned before, America uses a closed league system.Thanks to that it is possible for them to use a so called draft system, where the lowest ranking team from previous season has the opportunity to choose first in the upcoming draf t of young talents from all over the world. NFL, NBA and NHL also implemented salary caps, which give the teams over the league a total amount of money to spend on wages each season so that not one single team is the only one to afford the biggest names. They also have a season concluded with a knockout play-off. This kind of formatting makes the outcome each year unrealistic to range. Since the commercialisation of the sports imploded America there has only been few back-to-back wins in the professional leagues. There has been some dominance by teams as the Los Angeles Lakers (NBA), New York Yankees (MLB), but other than that the outcome is considerably uncertain from year to year. Not least in the NHL and the NFL.3. SummarySince most of the European clubs are win-maximised focused teams with the main aim to survive and stay as high up in the league system as possible, the intervention of government and state should be as low as possible. For the participants of the game they real ly do not need any actions to be taken from the government other than regulating the safety on the pitch with guards and police forces protecting them to unknown elements of danger. They will all get paid, and if they are good enough to seek themselves elsewhere for more lucrative deals, the already government-applied silly-season and the transfer-windows will secure them and the clubs.In America the draft system and college involvement should be enough for the governments involvement. Since the American sports leagues are working after a cartel linked system to survive and make profits, the salary cap helps younger and inexperienced players to secure wage-deals that suits them in their careers. The fans will always be together and involved with their club unless something drastic will happen. The way that government should intervene to keep fans from all levels satisfy are to maybe try to manage and put pressure on leagues and clubs to keep their gate-tickets as fair and lucrative as possible.With the draft system and the Financial Fair Play, the fans from teams and clubs that have not gained the trophies or cups recently, will be to their advantage in a near future. This will make a higher competitive market for talents and that the spread of players will be wider overall. familiarity will get help of government involvement of them interact and supply state and government supported facilities by bringing either existing clubs or future franchises to their community. This is a form of politic question that involves tax-money and an overall public demand.As long as the leagues and the teams manage to keep a sustainable competitive balance and a high quality outcome, I do not see why governments should interact and interfere with how the sports leagues are managed today. The Financial Fair Play is too soon to reflect on how it will work out as an outcome for the European football, but we can already see that it has label its point in countries as Turkey and S pain when UEFA banned Besiktas and Malaga from continental competition due to overspending of their own capacity. The government should work from the communitys perspective keep a full-on investigation and reporting about drugs and safety of players and athletes. In short, let the leagues and sports manage themselves, because in the end it is all about keeping the most authoritative stakeholders happy and satisfied, the fans.

Influence: Environmental, Contextual, and Perceptual Essay

One could wonder if personal behaviors croup be attributed to the start and checkout of epidemic outbreaks as that could capablenessly change what happens in the world. Our government and other influential individuals can roughly alter this factor they crop our nation, the choices they make essentially affect the out rise up of our nation. People are non the only stars who can influence behavior changes. In Malcolm Gladwells The Tipping Point How Little Things Make a Big Difference, he nones in the great power of Context chdisposed(p)er that our quick purlieu significantly influences pecks behaviors.Gladwell creatively offers several persuasive strategies, and similar, but different forms of evidence in attempt to advance his of import idea with the hopes that the indorser will side with him. The various forms of evidence Gladwell presents to his readers deportly supports, and helps actualise his claim that our immediate environment significantly influences peoples be havior. Gladwell offers significant evidence that the New York subway nuisance was at an ultimate racy in the 1980s, but drastically dropped.David Gunn and William Bratton believed crime was the result of disorder they both upchuck the broken Windows conjecture into effect in order to see if crime epidemics could be reversed. The experiment focused on holdfast the humbleder issues to create the movement that laws will be enforced, people will be held accountable for their actions. By focusing on the smaller issues, an unambiguous message was sent to criminals we are taking control of crime starting with petty offences.Eventually the message was received, the criminals changed their ways if petty laws are creation enforced, the major ones would be sure to follow the same suit. Gladwell presents a second piece of evidence a prison study, which a group of social scientist performed at Stanford University. A mock prison was created and at random, traffic pattern psychologi cal volunteers were assigned the role of a guard or prisoner. Within the first day, the behaviors of both the guards and prisoners changed, and distributively day that had passed, the behaviors significantly increased for the worse.The outcome of the study revealed that behavior changes are imminent based on the immediate environmental changes. Another piece of evidence Gladwell offers his readers came during a seminarian study. A group of seminarians met with deuce psychologists to test the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE). This experiment was replicated around the Good Samaritan Bible story and include three variables to test the character traits of the seminarians based upon the situation and stage setting. While walking next door, each seminarian encountered a man who was clearly in distress.The changes in the content of communication varied how the seminarians responded they were much apt to help the man if they had extra time, whereas, if they were in a hurry he was ig nored. The outcome of the study revealed that situational and context surroundings took precedence over fundamental character traits. While the evidence Gladwell presents helps create the foundation and substantiate his claim that our immediate environment significantly influences our behaviors, he also entails rhetorical strategies throughout the text.Rhetorical strategies can be considered a number of various persuasive writing techniques designed with the intention of changing the readers outlook. Without organism able to recognize these strategies, the author will most likely succeed in his goal of persuasion. In order for a rhetorical strategy to be effective, an author focuses developing their strategies around their intended audience, and potential resistance in hopes the readers will be satisfied with the answers and side with him.Gladwells tries to build credibility towards how the top executive of Context theory works by strategically mentioning experiments that were con ducted by prestigious universities. He mentions that Stanford and Princeton University conducted two crack behavioral studies, and classifies the similarities the two studies have in relation to how our environmental context can affect the influence of our behavioral choices. Gladwell may have anticipated that the reader may be hesitant to consider his tune because if a radical idea cannot be proven to work, it is considered that it will not work at all.The Power of Context theory is classified as a radical idea because it has the potential to affect a large scale, and one could be skeptical of its effectivity due to the high potential for failure no one wants to take a great risk with the increased potential for grave results. Failure to manage the readers to credible sources would result in lack of the proof they are seeking to back up Gladwells claims, and would ultimately question the integrity of the results from the experiments. In turn, the lack of trust could factor int o a roblematic situation readers would circulate his theory as an un-credible risk not worth considering.Gladwell attempts to remove this resistance by providing credible results in a convincing fashion that favors the similarities between the Power of Context and behavioral influence experiments that were conducted. Noting the studies were done at prestigious and credible colleges, a level of trust has been instilled between the reader and author, and in turn a bond has been created the trust will continue to grow and ultimately less convincing will be required to reduce further resistance the reader may have.After Gladwell tries to build his credibility, he notes that his theory is legitimate by mentioning that it can be used to reduce crime. Crime was at an ultimate high in the 1980s, but drastically dropped. Murders dropped, felonies dropped, and New York City was at the center of the crime decline and people did not know why. Gladwell presents that the mixed-up Windows theor y reflected substantial improvements in New York. One could question that a city the size of New York City, known for corruption and crime could see drastic changes from relatively small environmental changes.It could be argued that the changes in generations and arrival of new immigrants flushed out the crime, but without further proof, doubt would set into the readers mind, and one would be curious as to what truly factored into the reversal of crimes. If the embarrassed Windows theory were not linked as the direct result of the crime reversal, the effectivity of his theory would be questioned, thus reducing the likeliness one would side with him. In order to advance his claim, Gladwell creates a direct link between the crime surges, the implication of the Broken Windows theory, and the decline in crime.In turn, one would be more apt to accept the powerful tool Gladwell has laid before us. If New York City, a city thought to be beyond help due to its size can drastically reduce their crime and clean up their city, the Broken Windows theory must have something spectacular to offer. Gladwell hopes that his readers are tired of seeing crime in their towns, ultimately creating a public push towards government officials to gradually implement the Broken Windows theory with the intentions it would do exactly as it has in New York City.After Gladwell tries to create the image that his studies were legitimate, he tries to show that applying his theory is convenient and easy by strategically relating the Broken Windows theory to real invigoration situations. He mentions, focusing on the smaller issues within the subway seemed irrelevant at the time when the strong subway system was close to collapsing it seemed as pointless as cleaning the decks on the Titanic epoch it sank. The Broken Windows theory is considered a radical idea, which is counterintuitive of how one would typically go nigh solvent a global problem.Therefore, it is challenging for the reader to comprehend to Gladwells theory, thus making it likely the reader will mistakenly bypass his argument due to their confusion. If the confusion remains, readers are less likely to accept Gladwells idea because there will be a lack of confidence for something one does not understand. In efforts to remove the confusion the reader may have about how the Broken Windows theory works in relation to real life scenarios, Gladwell presents a convenient option so the reader is not forced to search for answers.By providing real world examples as to how the Broken Windows theory works, he performs the footwork for his readers in hopes the convenience he has offered them will clear up any confusion they may have about how his theory works. The image Gladwell strives to imply on his readers if the Broken Windows theory is easily applied, as it is understood, then one would be more apt towards applying it in real life situations. While the various forms of evidence and persuasive strategies were presented with the intentions of advancing Gladwells main idea, some noteworthy areas to mention follow.Gladwells Power of Context and the Broken Windows theory is essentially the same thing. Both ideas revolve around small changes in behavior and environment can signify a major impact. Secondly, not many people focus on fixing the small problems because it is perceived fixing the bigger problems first, result in major changes. Finally, behavioral changes have more variables. Based upon the situation, context, and environment is what factors into how one will respond and react. Gladwells attempt to convince his readers does not come by mistake.He intends for this to help readers open their eyes to new strategies and ideas he envisioned to creatively control into his text. By doing so, a new dimension of listen and analyzing has been brought upon the reader. It is crucial at some point in our lives we all learn to decipher and understand the rhetoric of what an author is truly tryi ng to tell us. The more we are able to read between the fine lines, the better we will be at assessing and listening to future texts.

Progressive Era Through the Great Depression

forward-moving Era through the groovy first Lacinda Adams Contemporary U. S. History, strayer University Prof. Jahangir Salehi November 10, 2012 modern Era through the undischarged drop-off There were umteen key historic number points in the head of Progressive Era through the Great Depression. With the turn of the twentieth century Progressivism began with a specific ag annihilatea which was to clean up the nations cities. Social and political movement grew from this era, including reforms on state and study levels with efforts to diminish poverty, introduce labor reform, and improve the unsatisfactory conditions of urban housing.Many reform groups were established for the correctlys of the Statesns including religion, state political reform, and womans progressive tenseness. During this date Roosevelt enacted the innovative train which was designed to order the parsimoniousness and provide for national recovery. This initiative addressed political, economic, and social demands all at once. Womens Reform During the Progressive era woman organized many major reforms, but despite all of this they were still denied the effective to vote.Two womens groups were created to promote womens ballot (1) the field of study American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), founded in 1890, and (2) the National Womens Party (NWP), founded in 1913. (Shultz, 2012) The combined efforts of these two groups led to mastery and the women won the amend to vote in 1920, just after the end of World contend I when the ni plundereenth Amendment was passed. Although they won the right to vote in 1920, women of the due west had earned the right to vote onward those in southern states.After reading some(prenominal) articles and websites I count women earned the right to vote in the frontier states of the wolfram before eastern and southern states for reasons as stated in the article Why Did Colorado Suffragists decease to Win the Right to Vote in 1877, but acqu ire in 1893? In this article it is speculated the air jacket was a place where freedom, independence, and democracy reigned. To encourage women settlers to move to the westbound states and territories they were enticed with such things from the political leaders as being granted womens suffrage, which could include the right to vote.During the Progressive Era women were considered the moral guardians and protectors of the home. (Reforming Their World, 2007) Women stood up for the rights of their family defend them at home and in the public, by fighting for their rights. Many things we motor for granted today, they fought for in the Progressive Era as luxuries, including hot lunches at schools, community playgrounds, fire codes for office builds, and public libraries. Working women fought for alter working conditions and occupy increases. Black American woman also fought against the war on racism.Together both the albumin and black women worked for equal, improved and fair rights for women and children. Roosevelt The in the altogether Deal Roosevelt was elected to his first term in 1932, with a jobless compute of 24% in America. (Shlaes, 2009) Immediately upon entering office he made several positive moves to improve the economy including creating the New Deal and reassuring seniors by creating Social Security. With his aggressiveness the unemployment rate had dropped 10% by 1936 when he was running for re-election. The New Deal was designed to regulate the economy, provide for national recovery.This initiative addressed political, economic, and social demands all at once. Through this initiative he created several programs. The soupcon Banking Relief mappingplay, which was established to have federal require over banks and, if necessary, rescued them from disaster with political relation loans. The national Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) creates economic programs that would employ the unemployed. National Industrial Recovery acquit (NIRA) instituted programs to regulate industry, establish labor rights, and improve working conditions.All which were effective in restoring economic recovery. With the help of Roosevelt, through The New Deal, farmers were given help with a new reform proposal called the Agricultural Adjustment Act (abdominal aortic aneurysm). The AAA attempted to address the great problem of agriculture and offered farmers cash subsidies to not grow crops. (Shultz, 2012) Although, Americans wanted to believe in Roosevelts New Deal plan, his budget spending was getting more out of control and becoming more erratic. During his first term the federal budget rose from 6% to 9% of the nations GDP.He had many critics on both democratic and republican sides. On the democratic side, some feared his programs increased the power of the government while others saw it as an overextension of federal power. Republicans believed the best option for the depression was to let market forces take their course, knowi ng that, in time, there would be a new era of growth and recovery. (Shultz, 2012) Several pieces of statute were passed during the Roosevelt-Taft-Wilson progressive era that is still influential to the way businesses are conducting.The sixteenth amendment was passed during Tafts time in office, authorizing income taxes. He was also very active in supporting courts against unfair trade practices by corporations. (Devine, 2010) During Wilsons term in office he was successful in passing the federal official Reserve Act, which centralize banking and created the national Reserve Board. This act is still very influential in helping to regulate cheer rates and the money supply. At this time the Federal Trade Commission was also enacted.Spanish American War The Spanish-American War of 1898 transformed the United States into a major overseas power. The war concerned American politicians, peculiarly when American business interests might be compromised, because of the geographical loca tion of countries like Cuba and the Philippines who the Spanish were fighting against. The victory over Cuba and the Philippines prompted a treaty which resulted in the U. S. annexing Hawaii and Spain relinquishing most of its overseas possessions to the U. S. ncluding Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, in throw for $20 million. (Shultz, 2012) Roaring Twenties During the roaring twenties the economy was healthy. Production was up in the brace and automotive industry. Consumerism was up. People could suddenly afford to purchase clothes and property and cars. Many people had electricity in their homes, and were purchasing televisions, refrigerators, radios, washing machines, and vacuums. Banks were extending credit to people and they were investing in the stock market.Congress passed prohibition laws were passed and the Volstead Act (1919), which handed down strict punishments for individuals violating this amendment. Women won the right to vote with the passing of the Ninetee nth Amendment. All of these touch on the federal governments involvement in the national economy. (Shultz, 2012) References Devine, Robert A (2010) America Past and Present, AP Edition, Pearson, New York City, NY Retrieved November 11, 2012 from http//wps. ablongman. com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5931/1518407. cw/index. tml Reforming Their World Women in the Progressive Era (2007). Retrieved November 10, 2012 from National Womens History Museum http//www. nwhm. org/online-exhibits/progressiveera/home. html Shultz, Kevin M. (2012) HIST, Volume 2, second Edition, Boston, Massachusetts Wadsworth Why Did Colorado Suffragists Fail to Win the Right to Vote in 1877, but Succeed in 1893? Retrieved November 11, 2012 from http//womhist. alexanderstreet. com/colosuff/intro. htm Shlaes, A. (2009). Deal or No Deal? (Cover story). Time, 173(26), 38-42.Progressive Era Through the Great DepressionProgressive Era Through the Great Depression Tynisha Miller Assignment 2 History cv Professor Tonya Simmo ns November 11, 2012 Identify at least two (2) major historical turning points in the period under discussion. The womens suffrage is one of the major historical turning points in the Progressive Era. During this time there were two groups that pushed and furthered the cause of womens suffrage. The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), founded in 1890, and the National Womens Party (NWP), founded in 1913 and led by Alice Paul (Schultz,2012,pg. 41-42). The second major historical turning point in this era I will discuss is the Stock Market jampack of October 1929. The Stock Market Crash of 1929 devastated the economy and was a key factor in beginning the Great Depression. Analyze the impact of the two (2) or more major historical turning points selected on Americas current ships company, economy, politics, and culture. The Womens Suffrage movement had a major impact on society, economy, politics, and culture.In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment was passed and women won the right to vote (Schultz, 2012, pg. 342). The enfranchisement of women was the largest expansion of the voting population in American history, importantly increasing the American electorate. This movement opened many doors for women they now knew that they had a voice and the right to babble on political reappearances within the government and allowed them property rights. The stock market crash of 1929 caused fear and affright throughout the country and resulted in the beginning of the Great Depression.All aspects of the economy were affected by this descending(prenominal) helix in the stock market it caused many banks and businesses to fail and have to fail for bankruptcy. Unemployment increased, which created a decrease in purchasing power for consumers and that led to businesses having to lower prices on merchandise. Many laborers were forced to choose between wage cuts and pink slips, others who retained their jobs saw their income shrink by a third (U. S. History). It w as years before this downward cycle broke.Speculate as to why women earned the right to vote in the frontier states of the west before eastern and southern states. Leading suffragists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were Easterners, thought their home states would be the first to accept womens suffrage (Old West, 1889). Stanton and Anthony, accused abolitionist and Republican supporters of emphasizing black civil rights at the expense of womens rights, formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) in May of 1869 (National Archives).The National American Women Suffrage Association campaigned for a federal amendment to enfranchise women. The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), founded 6 months later by Lucy Stone, Julia harbor Howe, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, protested the confrontational tactics of the NWSA and tied itself closely to the Republican Party while concentrating solely on securing the vote for women state by state (National Archives) . In 1890 the two suffrage organizations merged into the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (National Archives).Stanton became its president, Anthony became its vice president, and Stone became chairman of the executive committee (National Archives). In the west the male ratio dominated women in numbers, meaning that men definitely held power in the western states. Some historians suggest western men may have been rewarding pioneer women for their critical role in settling the West (Old West, 1889). Describe at least two (2) pieces of legislation in the Roosevelt-Taft-Wilson progressive era years that have influenced the conduct of business to this day and what that influence has been.Theodore . Roosevelt believed that industrial society was endanger by the immortality of big businessmen, who were more interested in personal gain than in the good of society (Schultz, 2012, pg. 343). Even though Roosevelt punished multiple companies for violating the Sherman Antitru st Act, his main focus was on the nations railroads who were accused of abusing the industry. The Elkins Act of 1903 was a part of the legislation put into place in order to end the practice of railroad companies granting shipping rebates to favorable companies (American President).Realizing that the Elkins Act was not effective he introduced the Hepburn Act of 1906, which special(a) prices that railroads could charge and allowed the federal government to monitor the financial books of the large railroad (Schultz, 2012, pg. 343). Roosevelts successor was William H. Taft he helped put companies under control by getting the Mann-Elkin Act passed (William Taft, 27th President). This act focused on the telephone, telegraph, radio, and cable companies as well as railroad companies, allowing the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to monitor.President Wilson assisted in passing the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914, this law outlawed unfair practices among businesses, he also support the cr eation of the Federal Trade Commission, a government agency that had the right to investigate business practices and issue rulings to prevent businesses from continuing such practices (Schultz,2012,pg. 344). Explain the role that the Spanish American War played in Americas development of an Empire. The war between Spain and the United States transformed the U. S. into a major overseas power (Schultz, 2012, pg. 53). For years the U. S. has been interested in gaining possession of overseas territories in order to pursue ocean bases, trade agreements, and democratic ideas. Imperialist believed that if the U. S. wanted to be viewed as holding world power, then they had to cross-file that they were a powerful nation. A leading nation had to have military might and foreign possessions (US History). initially the decision to enter into war was not for imperialism but for humanitarian, geopolitical and commercial reasons (Schultz, 2012, pg. 53). The economy was being destroyed because of the fighting between the Cubans and the Spanish. Americans understood and sympathized with Cubans fighting for their independence from Spain. Explain at least two (2) ways in which the boom and bust of the Roaring Twenties followed by the Great Depression affected the federal governments involvement in the national economy. In response to the Great Depression President Roosevelts New Deal, increased federal spending tremendously.The New Deal was put into place to regulate the economy, provide for national recovery, and create a social safety net for all Americans (Schultz, 2012, pg. 395). Roosevelt knew he needed to first address the banking crisis, because of this he formed the Emergency Banking Relief Act. This Act passed on March 9, 1933, established federal control over banks and, if necessary, rescued them from disaster with government loans (Schultz, 2012, pg. 396). The Federal Emergency Relief Administration was formed to create economic programs to employ the unemployed (Sc hultz, 2012, pg. 96). Before this the Federal Government had never released funds for public works projects. The Civilian Conservation Corps was one of FERAs most successful of all the public works projects. The CCC enlisted unemployed young men to building and repairing highways, forest service sites, flood control projects and national park buildings (Schultz, 2012, pg. 396). References Schultz, K. M. (2012). HIST2 (Vol. 2). Boston Wadsworth Cengage Learning. U. S. History Online Textbook sinking Deeper and Deeper1929-33 Retrieved from-http//www. shistory. org/us/48b. asp Old West (September 30, 1989) Wyoming Legislators write the first state constitution to grant women the right to vote. Retrieved from- http//www. history. com American President Theodore Roosevelt Domestic Affairs Retrieved from- http//www. millercenter. org William Howard Taft Biography Retrieved from- http//www. biography. com/people/william-taft-9501184 United States American History. Spanish-American War Ret rieved from- http//www. u-s-history. com