Simulated Moving Bed Technology

simulate paltry Bed applied science1. Introduction1.1. unceasing counter stream chromatographyContinuous industrial-scale surface assimilation mental military operati adepts are well known for their efficiency. Very often, the Height equal of a Theoretical Plate (HETP) in a batch procedure is roughly deuce-ace convictions racyer than iodine find for the unceasing direction (Gembicki et al., 2002). The operation of perpetual chromatographic counter current implement (here-by referred as True sorrowful Bed, TMB) in particular, maximizes the portion enchant crusade force providing a better utilization of the surface-assimilative, and consequently, lay offing the hire of lower selectivity materials (Ruthven and Ching, 1989) as to operate with an increased productiveness (i.e., higher branched d whizzput using less(prenominal) packing material). A scheme of a TMB social unit is shown in enrol 1.Figure 1 A four member True Moving Bed (TMB) unit for the d isengagement of A and B with D as eluent or desorbent (Fructose/Glucose judicial dissolution).If we define fragment as the part of the TMB unit where the smooth-spoken fuse rate is approximately constant (section limited by portal/outlet streams), then, it is possible to find four assorted sections with polar roles instalment I Regeneration of the adsorbent (desorption of A from the straightforward) comp unriva directnt part II Desorption of B (so that, the prolong is not contaminated by the less retain component) office III Adsorption of A (raffinate clean from the to a greater extent adsor get laid species)Section IV Regeneration of the eluent/desorbent (adsorption of B from the silver-tongued phase).From Figure 1, one skunk find that the counter-current movement of the solid, with reward to the roving phase, all(a)ows continuous variety of both the adsorbent in section I as the eluent/desorbent in section IV. Also, the contemptible bed arrangement allows the ach ievement of high purity even if the announcement of the 2 peaks is not excellent, since only the purity at the two white tie and tails of the concentration profiles, where the withdrawal ports are located, is of interest. This is contrary to batch chromatography where high consequenceant is vital in prescribe to achieve high purity.Nevertheless, with this counter current means of operation is necessary to circulate not only the fluid phase but also the solid. The solid motion inside of the towboat and the consequent re wheel presents some technical problems, namely equipment abrasion, mechanical erosion of adsorbent and difficulties in maintaining plug flow for the solid (especially in beds with elephantine diameter). From a technical point of view, this clearly limits the implementation of such applied science.1.2. The Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) conceptIn order to avoid this issue, a sequence of fixed bed towboats was conceived (Broughton and Gerhold, 1961) in which th e solid phase is at rest in relation to a fixed referential, but where a relative movement between both phases is experienced by transposition the introduction and outlet fluid streams to and from the towers from cadence to time (in the direction of the fluid flow). In the simplest direct temper, the occlusive that a certain direct conformity prevails is cal take the switch oer time, . Since the solid flow is avoided, although a kind of counter-current movement is created comparatively to the fluid, this engineering science is called Simulated Moving Bed (SMB).Consider that at certain moment in the operation of an SMB, the positions for the access of feed and desorbent and outlet of products is stand for by Figure 2a. Assume also the simplest operating means (synchronous communicate of all streams) and one towboat per section. After a diaphragm of time equal to the fracture time, the nip and withdrawn points all move one column in the direction of the fluid flow ( Figure 2b). When the initial posture of injection/collection of all the streams is reencountered, we father completed one cycle (in a four equally zoned SMB, it takes to complete one cycle, where is the number of columns in each one of the four sections). As it is possible to see in Figure 2, during one cycle the uniform column is in diverse sections, assuming at that placefore different roles in the separation process.Figure 2 Schematic representation of a 4 columns SMB unit operating oer a complete cycle, from 0to (with representing the ports switching time) (a) flow rate of the offshoot switch (b) point of the second switch and (c) a TMB unit.As mentioned before, the continuous movement of inlet and outlet lines into and from the column is almost impractical, therefore discreet jumps (with the continuance of one bed, during ) have to be applied.The analogy between SMB and the TMB is then possible by the introduction of the relative velocity concept, where , with the flu id interstitial velocity in each section in the TMB, the interstitial velocity in the SMB unit and the solid interstitial velocity in the TMB. The solid velocity is evaluated from the switching time interval value in the SMB as , being the column length. As consequence, The native flow grade in both utensil are not the same, but related by where and represent the internal liquid flow-rates in the SMB and TMB, singly, is the majority porosity and the column volume.1.3. SMB ApplicationsIndustrially, SMB applications tail assembly be regarded as Old and New, associated with petrochemical and pharmaceutical/fine chemistry fields, respectively (S Gomes et al., 2006d). Among the first applications of SMB engineering ( hold to 1960s) are the ones implemented by the UOP Inc. (Des Plaines, IL-USA) with the Sorbex processes, such as the Parex unit for separation of p-xylene from mixtures with its C8-isomers (Broughton et al., 1970), separation also performed by the Aromax process from Toray Industries (Tokyo, Japan) (Otani et al., 1973) and the Eluxyl process by Axens/IFP (Institut Franais du Ptrole, France) (Ash et al., 1994) the Ebex for the separation of EthylBenzene (EB) from a mixed of C8-aromatic isomers (Broughton, 1981) the Molex for the separation of n-paraffins from ramose and cyclic hydrocarbons and the Olex process to separate olefins from parafins the Cresex and Cymex for the separation of p-cresol and p-cymene from its isomers, respectively.The application of SMBs in the sugar industry is also substantial, with the Sarex process, for the separation of fructose from the corn syrup with grape sugar and polysaccharides on polystyrene-divinylbenzene resins in calcium form (Broughton, 1983) or as procure by Japan Organo Co. (Japan), (Heikkil et al., 1989) by Amalgamated Sugar Comp any LLC, also known as the Snake River Sugar Company (Boise, ID-USA), (Kearney and Mumm, 1990, , 1991).In the lastly decade, particularly in the area of drug development, the advent of SMB has provided a high throughput, high yield, solvent in effect(p), safe and salute effective process option. Although it had dour been established as a viable, practical, and cost-effective liquid-phase adsorptive separation technique, the pharmaceutical and biomolecule separations community did not show considerable interest in SMB technology until the mid-1990s. The application of the SMB concept to the fine chemical separations in the earlier 90s, led to the second boom on the number of applications of SMB technology (Negawa and Shoji, 1992 Nicoud et al., 1993 Kusters et al., 1995 Rodrigues et al., 1995 Cavoy et al., 1997 Francotte and Richert, 1997 Guest, 1997 Pais et al., 1997a Pais et al., 1997b Francotte et al., 1998 Grill and moth miller, 1998 Lehoucq et al., 1998 Pais et al., 1998 Dapremont et al., 1999 Miller et al., 1999 Nagamatsu et al., 1999 Nicoud, 1999a, 1999b Pedeferri et al., 1999 Strube et al., 1999 Juza et al., 2000 Kniep et al., 2000 Wang et al., 2001), among new(prenominal) pioneers.Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd (Japan) first published the resolution of optical isomers through SMB (Negawa and Shoji, 1992). Since then, several are the SMB base processes already approved by the aliment and Drug Administration (FDA) and others regulatory agencies. Examples includes renowned products such as Biltricide (Praziquantel) Cipralex/Lexapro (Escitalopram), Keppra (Levetiracetam), Modafinil/Provigil, Taxol (Paclitaxel), Xyzal (Levocetirizine), sertraline (Sertraline), Zyrtec (Cetirizine), Celexa/Citrol/Cipram (Citalopram), Prozac (Fluoxetine hydrochloride), (Abel and Juza, 2007) o paper de real SMB e rajendran, among others biological separation, with a particular emphasis in protein separations meteer referencias a biologias e proteinas.Given the richness of such technique, this work follows different operating SMB modes design, copy and optimisation techniques and addresses an illustration of the design, construction a nd operation of an SMB unit.2. SMB modes of operationSo far, only the so-called stodgy SMB mode of operation has been considered, which indeed means that each section has a fixed number of columns and there is no version on the pre-established inlet/outlet flow rates or the switching time value. However, oer the last decades some non-conventional SMB operating modes were proposed, developing the range of the applications of SMB technology and extending gain ground its potential. Some of these operating modes, worthy of note, are listened in the following Sections.2.1. asynchronous shifting SMB (the Varicol process)The asynchronous shifting SMB or Varicol process (Adam et al., 2000 Bailly et al., 2000 Ludemann-Hombourger et al., 2000 Ludemann-Hombourger et al., 2002) commercialized by Novasep (Pompey, France), became one of the more than analyse and used processes of the so-called non-conventional SMB modes of operation. Instead of a fixed unit configuration with constant sectio n length, the Varicol operating mode is performed by the implementation of an asynchronous inlet/outlet ports shift, providing a plastic use of each section length, Figure 3.Figure 3 11.51.51 asynchronous SMB for a complete cycle section II has 1 column during the first half of the switching time and 2 columns in the rest time (within a switching time period), thus 1.5 columns the opposite happens to section III.By means of Varicol mode of operation it is possible to increase the productiveness value up to 30% more than the classical SMB apparatus, principally when operating under a bring down number of columns (Toumi et al., 2002 Zhang et al., 2002b Pais and Rodrigues, 2003 Subramani et al., 2003b, 2003a Toumi et al., 2003 Yu et al., 2003b S Gomes et al., 2006d Mota et al., 2007b Rodrigues et al., 2007a S Gomes et al., 2007b Zhang et al., 2007).2.2. Partial- course, Partial-DiscardWith the Partial-Feed mode of operation two additional degrees of freedom are introduced the feed length and the feed time (Zang and Wankat, 2002a Zang and Wankat, 2002b). Feed during a saltationn feed length period will consequently influence the raffinate and extract flow rates are along the time. Also referred in the literary productions is the Partial-Discard (or partial withdraw) operating mode, where average a part of the outlet products is used in order to improve the overall purity (Zang and Wankat, 2002b Bae and Lee, 2006), or with the partial recirculation of the outlet products back to the feed (Kessler and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2008a Kessler and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2008b Seidel-Morgenstern et al., 2008).The ISMB (Improved SMB) mode of operating, commercialized by the Nippon Rensui Co. (Tokyo, Japan) and FAST Finnsugar Applexion Separation Technology, now Novasep-France, is also well known (Tanimura et al., 1989). In this process, during a first footfall the unit is operated as a conventional SMB but without any flow in section IV in the second step the inlet and o utlet ports are closed and the internal flow through the four sections allowing the concentration profiles to move to adjust their relative position with respect to the outlet ports (Rajendran et al., 2009). Meter referencias do mazzotti e nova de sa gomesAnother novel non-conventional mode of operation, the Outlet Swing Stream-SMB (OSS) (S Gomes and Rodrigues, 2007), was developed under the framework of this thesis and is last mentioned concomitanted in Chapter 3.2.3. PowerFeed and ModiConThe modulation of the section flow rates (PowerFeed) was to begin with proposed by Kearney and Hieb (1992) and later studied in detail by other authors (Kloppenburg and Gilles, 1999b Zhang et al., 2003b Zhang et al., 2004b Kawajiri and Biegler, 2006b). Another SMB operating concept, based on the feed concentration interlingual rendition within one switching interval, was suggested by Schramm et al., (2002 2003b) known as the ModiCon. The use of auxiliary feed coolers, where section flow rate fl ows into a tank to dissolve solid raw materials and fed into section III, has also been studied (Wei and Zhao, 2008). The cross combination of PowerFeed, Modicon and Varicol modes of operation is also a recurrent question matter, principally of optimization studies (Zhang et al., 2004a Arau?jo et al., 2006a Rodrigues et al., 2007b), providing more degrees of freedom and allowing better performance values.2.4. 2 Feed or MultiFeed SMB and Side Stream SMBRecently, the introduction of multi feed streams in the SMB area, by analogy with distillation columns, led to the formulation of the Two Feed SMB, or MultiFeed, operating mode presented by Kim (2005) and later studied by S Gomes and Rodrigues (S Gomes et al., 2007b S Gomes and Rodrigues, 2007). Also multi extract/raffinate are referred in the writings (Mun, 2006), known as side stream SMB (Beste and Arlt, 2002). These techniques, combined with the distillation know-how for the optimum location of multiple feeds, fag allow the deve lopment of more efficient SMB processes.2.5. Semi Continuous, Two and Three zones SMBThere are several tackle continuous SMB apparatus that operate with two-zone, two or one-column chromatograph, with/or recycle, homogeneous to a four-zone SMB(Abunasser et al., 2003 Abunasser and Wankat, 2004 Arau?jo et al., 2005a Arau?jo et al., 2005b Jin and Wankat, 2005b Mota and Arau?jo, 2005 Arau?jo et al., 2006b Arau?jo et al., 2007 Rodrigues et al., 2008b), that allow a reasonable separation, some allowing centre love for ternary or quaternary separations (Hur and Wankat, 2005b, 2005a, , 2006a, 2006b Hur et al., 2007), under reduced equipment usage.The discontinuous injection in a system with 2 or more columns, based on the concept of simulated adsorbent movement, as been applied by Novasep under the denomination of Cyclojet, Hipersep, Supersep (Supersep MAX with Super Critical CO2) and Hipersep, (Grill, 1998 Valery and Ludemann-Hombourger, 2007).2.6. incline SMBAs a further possibility for increasing the productivity, the introduction of gradients in the different separation sections of the SMB process is also described in literature. The gradient mode was suggested firstly for the SMB-SFC (SMB-supercritical fluid chromatography) process, where the elution strength can be influenced by a pressure gradient ( fingerpost and Nicoud, 1995 Clavier et al., 1996). Nowadays, there are more gradient-variants that allows the variation solvent elution strength by changing the temperature, the pH-value, the content of salt or the modifier concentration (Jensen et al., 2000 Antos and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2001 Migliorini et al., 2001 Abel et al., 2002 Antos and Seidel-Morgenstern, 2002 Abel et al., 2004 Ziomek and Antos, 2005 Mun and Wang, 2008a), or as in Rodriguess group with the civilisation of proteins by Ion Exchange-SMB (IE-SMB) (Li et al., 2007 Li et al., 2008). Also worth of note is the MCSGP (Multicolumn Counter-current Solvent Gradient Purification) process (Aumann an d Morbidelli, 2006 Strohlein et al., 2006 Aumann and Morbidelli, 2007 Aumann et al., 2007 Aumann and Morbidelli, 2008 Mller-Spth et al., 2008), commercialized by ChromaCon AG (Zrich, Switzerland), which combines two chromatographic separation techniques, the solvent gradient batch and continuous counter-current SMB for the separation of multicomponent mixtures of biomolecules.2.7. Hybrid-SMB SMB combined with other processesIt is possible to improve the performance of SMB units by desegregation it with other different separation techniques. The more simple application of this come near is to combine in series the two different processes and then recycle back the outlets between (or within) the different units (Lorenz et al., 2001 Amanullah et al., 2005 Kaspereit et al., 2005 Amanullah and Mazzotti, 2006 Gedicke et al., 2007). Among these, an interesting hybrid SMB was presented by M. Bailly et al., (2005 Abdelmoumen et al., 2006), the M3C process or the similar process Enriched Ex tract operation (EE-SMB) (Paredes et al., 2006), in which a portion of the extract product is concentrated and then re-injected into the SMB at the same, or near to, the collection point. The use of SMB-PSA apparatus is also referred in the literature for gas phase separations, (Rao et al., 2005 Sivakumar, 2007 Kostroski and Wankat, 2008). The use of two SMB units with concentration steps between, for the separation of binary mixtures, was also developed under the denomination of hybrid SMB-SMB process (Jin and Wankat, 2007a).2.8. The SMBR multifunctional reactorThe integration of reaction and separation steps in one single unit has the obvious economical advantage of reducing the cost of unit operations for downstream purification steps. Besides thermolabile distillation, reactive extraction or membrane reactors, the combination of (bio)chemical reaction with SMB chromatographic centrifuge has been subject of considerable attention in the last 15 years. This combine reaction-sep aration technology adopts the name Simulated Moving Bed Reactor (SMBR). some(prenominal) applications have been published considering the SMBR the enzymatic reaction for higher-fructose syrup production (Hashimoto et al., 1983 Azevedo and Rodrigues, 2001 Borges da Silva et al., 2006 S Gomes et al., 2007a) meter a dos FOS the esterification from acetic irate and -phenethyl alcohol and subsequent separation of the product -phenetyl acetate (Kawase et al., 1996), or methyl group acetate ester (Lode et al., 2001 Yu et al., 2003a) the deductive reasoning and separation of the m neutral spirits from syngas (Kruglov, 1994) the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol (Mazzotti et al., 1996b) the lactosucrose production (Kawase et al., 2001) the MTBE synthesis (Zhang et al., 2001) the diethylacetal (or dimethylacetal) synthesis (Silva, 2003 Rodrigues and Silva, 2005 Silva and Rodrigues, 2005a Pereira et al., 2008) the ethyl lactate synthesis from lactic acid and ethanol (Pereira et al ., 2009a Pereira et al., 2009b) the biodiesel synthesis (Geier and Soper, 2007) falta uma or the isomerisation and separation of p-xylene (Minceva et al., 2008) faltam os franceses, are examples that prove the promising potential of this technique. Depending on the reactive system some interesting arrangements of the general SMBR setup can be found in the literature, a more detailed review of several SMBR applications can be found elsewhere (Minceva et al., 2008).2.9. Multicomponent separationsThe application of SMB technology to multicomponent separations has also been an important research topic in the last years. The greens wisdom for such multicomponent process is the simple application of SMB cascades (Nicolaos et al., 2001a, 2001b Wankatt, 2001 Kim et al., 2003 Kim and Wankat, 2004) nevertheless, there are some non-conventional operation modes that proved to have interesting performance, as the one introduced by the Japan Organo Co. (www.organo.co.jp), called JO process (or Pseudo-SMB) this process was discussed in detail (Mata and Rodrigues, 2001 Borges da Silva and Rodrigues, 2006, , 2008) and (Kurup et al., 2006a). The process is modifyd by a 2-steps operation (a) in the first step the feed is introduced while the intermediary product is aged with the whole unit working as a fixed bed (b) during the second step the feed stopped, the unit works as a standard SMB and the less and more maintained products are collected, see amplify I for details. The use of two different adsorbents (Hashimoto et al., 1993), two different solvents (Ballanec and Hotier, 1992), or a variation of the working flow rates during the switching period (Kearney and Hieb, 1992), were also proposed.2.10. SMB Gas and Super Critical phasesMost of the industrial applications of SMB technology operate in the liquid phase nevertheless, SMBs can also be operated under supercritical conditions where a supercritical fluid, typically CO2, is used as eluent offering a number of advantag es namely reduction of eluent expenditure, favourable physicochemical properties and lower pressure drop and higher column efficiency (Clavier and Nicoud, 1995 Clavier et al., 1996 Denet and Nicoud, 1999 Depta et al., 1999 Denet et al., 2001 Johannsen et al., 2002 Peper et al., 2002 Peper et al., 2007). Also in the gas phase the recent developments have been unparalleled (Storti et al., 1992 Mazzotti et al., 1996a Juza et al., 1998 Biressi et al., 2000 Cheng and Wilson, 2001 Biressi et al., 2002 Rao et al., 2005 Lamia et al., 2007 Mota et al., 2007b Sivakumar, 2007 Kostroski and Wankat, 2008). Meter a do propano propylene3. SMB design, specimening, simulation and optimizationOver the last 50 years, design, computer simulationing, and optimization of chromatographic separation processes have been frequent research subjects. As consequence, several modeling methods, strategies and nestle shotes have been developed, the more relevant are reviewed in this section.3.1. Design strat egiesThe design of an SMB based separation involves taking decisions at many levels, from the configuration of the unit (number of columns per section, column and pinch size) to operating conditions (feed concentration, switching time, internal flow rates). Although simulation can be exhaustively done until the right combination of parameters is found for the expected performance, it is useable to have a design method that will provide a preliminary estimation of the optimum operating point, followed by simulation and/or optimization, (S Gomes et al., 2009a).The equivalence between TMB and SMB can be quite useful in the SMB design procedure. Recalling the role of each SMB section (Figure 2c), one can declare a set of constraints that will limit the feasible role and allow a complete separation (recover of the more retained species (A) in the extract stream, the less retained one (B) in the raffinate port, and re-formation of the solid in section I as fluid in section IV).Where r epresents the solid flow rate, the average solid concentration of species in section and the bulk fluid concentration of species in section .The flow rates constraints in Eq. 1b and 1.c will identify the separation vicinity (section II and III), while Eq. (1 a) and Eq. (1 d) the regeneration one (section I and IV).Usually, the fluid and solid velocities in each section are combined into one only operating parameter, such as the from Morbidellis group or the , as used by Ruthven (1989). The identification of constrains, Eq. (1 a) to Eq. (1 d), led to the appearance of several design methodologies, which are customaryly approximated and/or graphical, providing a better insight to the possible operating regions. From the plates theory and McCabe-Thiele diagrams (Ruthven and Ching, 1989) passing by the analytical solutions for a analogue adsorption isotherms system in posture of mass transfer resistances (Silva et al., 2004) to the determination of waves velocities as in the Standing dither Design (SWD) methodology (Ma and Wang, 1997 Mallmann et al., 1998 Xie et al., 2000 Xie et al., 2002 Lee et al., 2005). A particular emphasis should be given to the strategy developed for binary and multicomponent separations modeled by linear and non-linear isotherms as in (Storti et al., 1989b Storti et al., 1993 Mazzotti et al., 1994 Storti et al., 1995 Mazzotti et al., 1996c Mazzotti et al., 1997b Chiang, 1998 Migliorini et al., 2000 Mazzotti, 2006b), the so-called Triangle Theory, where the term is tough by assuming that the adsorption equilibrium is established everywhere at every time (Equilibrium Theory, (Helfferich, 1967 Klein et al., 1967 Tondeur and Klein, 1967 Helfferich and Klein, 1970), resulting in a feasible separation region formed by the above constraints Eq. (1 b) and Eq. (1 c), which in the case of linear isotherms takes the roll of a right triplicity in the plane, Figure 4, (or a triangle systema skeletaled form with rounded lines in non-linear isothe rms case), and a rectangular shape in the plane.Recently, this methodology was also extended for the design of SMB units under reduced purity requirements, in which the separation triangle boundaries are stretched to name for different extract and/or raffinate purities (Kaspereit et al., 2007 Rajendran, 2008).Figure 4 Triangle Theory, separation and regeneration regions for linear isotherms, where represents the Henry constant for linear adsorptions isotherms (A the more retained and B the less retained species), is the intraparticle porosity case of (S,R)Tetralol enantiomers, see Section 4.3.2.Nevertheless, the inclusion of mass transfer resistances can deeply affect the result of the design. By taking into account all mass transfer resistances, and runnel successive simulations, it is possible obtain more detailed separation/regeneration regions, as well as the separation study carried out for three different sections (II, III and I) or (II, III and IV) allowing the analysis of solvent consumption or solid recycling, as proposed in the Separation Volume methodology, (Azevedo and Rodrigues, 1999 Rodrigues and Pais, 2004a), or the influence of the solid flow rate in the separation region (Zabka et al., 2008a).3.2. Modeling and simulationGenerally, one can model a chromatographic separation process, and consequently an SMB unit, by means of two major approaches by a cascade of mixing cells or a continuous flow model (plug flow or axial dispersed plug flow, make use of partial first derivative equations derived from mass, energy and momentum equilibriums to a differential volume element ), (Rodrigues and Beira, 1979 Ruthven and Ching, 1989 Tondeur, 1995 Pais et al., 1998). Each of these approaches can include mass transfer resistances, thermal, and/or pressure drop effects. Nevertheless, most of the recent literature concerning SMB processes just makes use of the continuous approach, detailing the particle diffusion and/or shoot mass transfer (the circum stantial particle Model), or using approximations to the intraparticle mass transfer rate in a similar way as the Linear Driving Force (LDF) approach presented by Glueckauf (1955a), (Guiochon, 2002).One can argue that an SMB unit is no more than the practical implementation of the continuous counter current TMB process, Figure 2. Consequently, the equivalence between the TMB and a supposed SMB with an infinite number of columns can be used in the modeling and design of SMB units. HoweverTMB model approach will just give reasonable results if a considerable number of columns per section is present.The SMB model approach represents an SMB unit as a sequence of columns described by the usual system equations for an adsorptive fixed bed (each column ), thus represented by a PDE system. Nevertheless, the nodes equations can be stated to each section, make use of the equivalence between the interstitial velocity in the TMB and SMB, and thusThe issue here is that, due to the switch of inlet and outlet lines, the frontier conditions to a certain column are not constant during a whole cycle but change after a period equal to the switching time.Since the model equations are set to each column , one will obtain the concentration of species in the begin of each section , , from the following node mass balancesConsidering now . This set of equations continues to keep in a similar way (shifting one column per ), until , tell then from the first switch.As for the TMB model approach, both the Detailed Particle Model and LDF approach can be used with the SMB model approach nevertheless, and for the sake of simplicity, just the last is detailed in this work.The LDF approximation can now be obtained from , and thus obtaining for the bulk fluid mass balanceand for the mass balance in the particle,with the respective initialand boundary conditionswhere the adsorption equilibrium isotherm isAs a consequence one obtains discontinuous solutions, range not a continuous Steady State but a Cyclic Steady State (CSS).By applying the SMB model approach, both the Detailed Particle as LDF strategies, to the case study mentioned before, one obtains the CSS concentration profiles over a complete switching time, Figure 6.3.3. Performance parametersThe performance of the SMB unit for a given separation is usually characterized by the following parameters purity, recovery, productivity per the amount adsorbent volume and eluent/desorbent consumption per mass of treated product. The definitions of all these performance parameters, for the case of a binary mixture, are given bellowPurity (%) of the more retained (A) species in extract and the less retained one (B) in the raffinate stream, over a complete cycle (from to ) recovery (%) of more retained (A) species in extract and the less retained one (B) in raffinate stream, again over a complete cyclethe productivity per total volume of adsorbent the eluent/desorbent consumption These parameters hold for both SMB and TMB model approaches nevertheless, one can simplify in the SMB model strategy the same equations can be stated for a switching time period (from to ) if the unit is symmetrical, i.e., there are no differences between each switching time period (either due to the implementation of non-conventional modes of operation, or to the use of more detailed models accounting for dead volumes or switching time asymmetries) in the TMB model approach there is no need of the integral calculation, since the solutions from this model strategy are continuous and thus, the performance parameters constant over the time (at the steady state).3.4. OptimizationUsually one can classify the optimization of SMB units according to the type of objective functions (i) optimization of performance parameters (productivity, adsorbent requirements or desorbent/eluent consumption for given purities and/or recovery requirements) (ii) optimization based on the separation cost. In case (i) each objective function, bas ed on a different set of performance parameters, can lead to a different optimum solution therefore multi-objective functions procedure should be considered in the second case (ii) all those different performance parameters can be homogenized/normalized by the separation cost, where separation dependent costs (adsorbent, plant, desorbent/eluent recovery cost, desorbent/eluent recycling, feed losses) and separation independent costs (wages, labour, maintenance, among others) are taken into account and weighted by cost factors, which sometimes are difficult to characterize (Jupke et al., 2002 Chan et al., 2008).To solve these problems, the use of powerful optimization algorithms, such as IPOPT (Interior brain OPTimizer, (Wa?chter and Biegler, 2006), employed for liquid as gas phase SMB separations (Kawajiri and Biegler, 2006b, 2006a Mota et al., 2007a Mota and Esteves, 2007 Rodrigues et al., 2007b Kawajiri and Biegler, 2008a, 2008b) the commercial sheaf gOPT from gPROMS with a Singl e (or Multiple) Shooting-Control Vector Parameterization, used in the two level optimization of an existing Parex unit (Minceva and Rodrigues, 2005), for ageing analysi

Financial Analysis of Coles Ltd

Financial abstract of Coles Ltd1. INTRODUCTION1.1 PurposeIn this compensate my purpose is to do a financial abstract of Coles Ltd which provides a basis, on which the paygrade of company finish be done.1.2 ScopeThis report conducts a financial epitome for Coles by performing a trend compendium of financial symmetrys using the data given for one-time(pre zero(prenominal)inal) 5 historic period. It withal includes a hard currency prey compend which a dogged with financial dimensions helps equivalence coles with its industry counterparts, Woolworths and Met capital and finally this epitome would help in price valuation to calculate a fair price for coles shargon.1.3 MethodologyThis report is base on primary data avail equal to(p) from Coles website as well as secondary data such as research paper, electronic database and other publications.1.4 LimitationAlthough all efforts deport been do to use as oft avail able-bodied information as possible exactly there were several(prenominal) constricting factors such as lack of available data of past financial information which restricted this research. Reli strength of data and time constraints were in any case hurdle in performing this analysis.The biggest picayunecoming was that circulating(prenominal) data was ground on AIFR and data for years before 2005 was based on AGAAP, which made comparative trend analysis very(prenominal) difficult.2. FINANCIAL ANALYSISIn this we will be evaluating the steadys financial proportions and property flow whole tones of the ope tell, financing, and investing executing of a company in relation to key competitions historical carrying into action. give the firms strategy and goals, together these tools allow the analyst to investigate and examine a firms mathematical process and its financial condition. balance analysis is the tool which involves assessing the firms income statement and sleep sheet data. On the other side, the cash flow analysis r elies on firms cash flow statement.2.1 Ratio analysisThe ratio analysis deals with military rating of the performance of Coles in perspective of its mentioned strategies and goals. In order to achieve this object lens a combination of cross sectional analysis and time series analysis is performed. Workings of Ratios for 2006 atomic number 18 mentioned in APPENDIX 4.2.1.1 Profitability analysisIf we look at the strike on equity (ROE) of Coles, for a limit of 5 years, it is being notice that ROE has swap magnitude in 2006 as compared to 2002. Although ROE has move in 2006 (15. 30%) as compared to 2005 (18.30 %) barely it underside be seen that on an average Coles ROE has been stable or increased over last 5 years. Return on addition (ROA) has overly been stable around 10% during the last 3 years and increase from 7.17% in 2002 to 9.54% in 2006.The briny discernment for stable ROE and ROA are bankrupt performance delivered by the management and as well as the mature chara cteristic of the industry, that produces stable return as well as stable ontogenesis seeing population demographics in the country. fudge 1 Profitability Ratio of Coles LtdSource Coles financial statement after adaptionGross pull in has been quite stable and goodish for the last 5 years but the concerned part is the engagement profit margin. meshwork profit margin has been very low, it had been increasing from 2002 to 2005 but it again roughshod in 2002 to 1.57% from 2.08%. Coles need to trim back its in operation(p) and kindle expenses so as to increase its net profit margin. circumvent 2 Profitability Ratio Comparison within the industry in 2006On comparing the performance of Coles with its industry counterparts we dissolve cease that Coles Ltd is way behind its major competitor, Woolworths, in limits of ROE and ROA which might be attributable to lower net profit margin and lower financial leverage. Coles has amplyer financial leverage as compared to Woolworths and m etcash, which representation it, has greater financial guess. But despite of tall leverage it has low ROE which confirms the fact that Coles has low net profit margin asset turnover ratio.2.1.2 natural process AnalysisA firms operating activities require investments in both curtly- experimental condition (inventory and accounts receivable) and long full term assets. Activity ratios describe the relationship between the firms level of operations and assets needed to feature operating activities. Asset turnover is important in scrape up firms ROA it as well formulates reasons of how it will affect firms ROE. Evaluating the effectiveness of asset management is the purpose of asset turnover analysis.2.1.2.1 Short term drill ratiosWorking heavy(p) is our main concern while evaluating a company. It can clearly be find that since Coles has high turnover ratios it uses cash basis in its sales. It can be clearly being seen that it took only 4.48 eld on an average for Coles to replace its inventory investment back in to cash. From the figures last 5 years we can clearly interpret that Coles has drastically improved its cash modulation cycle from 23 days in 2002 to 4.48 days in 2006. control board 3 Short-term Activity Ratios for Coles LtdTable 4 Short-term activity ratio comparison, 2006Now, if we compare Coles with its competitors we can see that Woolworths has lower cash revolution cycle and metcash has high cash variety cycle. Woolworths has lower cash conversion cycle because it keeps inventory in stock for shorter duration and stock is reborn in to good sold in less span of time. On the other hand Metcash keeps inventory in stock for lower no. of days but it provides more no. of days to its receivables for payment delinquent to which it has higher cash conversion cycle. Seeing the industry it can be conclude that Coles has good cash conversion cycle but it can improve on it by reducing the Average number of days for which inventory is in stock.2.1.2.2 Long term activity ratiosIn the analysis of long term activity ratios, long-term asset turnover and property, industrial plant and equipment turnover fork over been utilized.Table 5 Long term activity ratios for Coles LtdOn the whole both ratios moved in the same image during these periods. Relatively, this pattern shows that asset utilization has improved uniformly for the period ranging from 2002 (310.12%) to 2006(372.70%). This helps to conclude that company is continuously improving its utilization of assets to increase its production.Table 6 Long term activity ratios comparison, 2006While comparing to its competitors it can be seen that Coles tote up asset turnover ratio is approximately 30% higher than its competitors. It helps to analyze that Coles is more efficiently utilizing its resources to increase its production as compared to its competitors. Metcashs high PPE turnover ratio can be contributed to the fact that PPE forms a very small part of Metcashs total assets. If compare Coles with its major competitor Woolworth on PPE Turnover Ratio we can conclude that Coles has been utilizing its fixed asset break in than Woolworths.2.1.3 Liquidity AnalysisLiquidity is referred to a firms ability to pass on fitting property when needed and convert its non-cash assets in to cash easily. Liquidity Ratios are employed to watch the firms ability to pay its short-term liabilities. Liquidity analysis enables us to determine Coles ability to cover its liquidness risk. Liquidity risk may arise due to shortfall or over liquidity within the firm and this in turn lead to firms disability of fulfilling its liquidity needs.In order to determine firm liquidity level, Current ratio, immobile ratio and cash ratio are short- term liquidity ratios which fork up been employed.Table 7 Coles Short-term Liquidity RatiosOn doing the trend analysis for last 5 years it can be watch overd that Coles oc ongoing ratio has been consistently falling, which increases the possibility that Coles will not be able to meet up its short term liabilities. Current ratio has locomote from 1.37 in 2002 to 0.98 in 2006 which is of major concern, as a current ratio of less than 1 think ups that company has negative working hood and is probably facing a liquidity crisis. The more stringent measure of liquidity is fast(a) ratio and cash ratio which have besides been falling uniformly in last 5 years. It seems Coles is falling in to liquidity crunch and might need short term funds to meet its current liabilities. There has been lot of volatility in the cash ratio of the firm as they have been rising and again falling, so we can conclude that Coles is not able to maintain stable liquidity.Table 8 Short term liquidity ratios comparisons, 2006As compared to its competitors Coles has better current ratio than Woolworths but has current ratio less than Metcash. Comparing Coles with its major competitor in retail sector, Woolworth, we can clearly see Coles has better current cash ratio but is behind on quick ratio. On comparing with metcash we see that Coles is behind on all the short term liquidity ratios by a very high margin. Metcash has doubly the cash ratio as compared to Coles, which reach outs Coles ability to meet its short term liabilities questionable.2.1.4 Long term Debt and solvency AnalysisThe analysis of a firms capital complex body part is essential to guess its long term risk and return prospects. The long term debt and solvency ratios which we are dismission to use here are debt to equity, debt to capital and interest reporting ratio.Table 9 Coles long term Debt and Solvency ratiosAs indicated by Coles debt and long term solvency ratios, it denotes that firm is not a dissolver company and relies heavily on debt financing. The firms debt to equity and debt to capital ratios are consistently above 1.00 which shows that Coles employed more debt than equity as its source of financing. Debt to total capital has also been consistently been around 0.55-0.60 during the 5 year period. This shows that firm has been stable with its financing policy and has not done much change with its debt and equity mix. Since it relies so heavily on debt financing, issues can be raise regarding its ability to pay off the interest arising due to long term debt financing but we see that company has EBIT 7 times more than the interest charges it has to pay, so that should concern much. It can be observed interest coverage ratio has declined in 2006, as compared to 2005 2004, but it is hush able to meet industry benchmarks.Table 10 Debt and Solvency ratios Comparison 2006Compared to its competitors, long term solvency ratios of Coles seem to be performing optimally. Woolworths has got the highest debt to equity, debt to capital interest coverage ratio. historically a debt to equity ratio of 21 is considered optimal so Coles can still rely on debt to finance its future project rather then issuing new sha res. It can be observed that Coles has interest coverage ratio greater than Metcash but less than Woolworths but that can be attributable to its low profit margin as compared to Woolworths. It seems Coles is at par with its competitors in terms of debt and solvency ratios.2.2 bullion Flow AnalysisCash flow analysis is essential to visit that whether the firms cash flow have the ability to sustain the telephone circuit, to meet unexpected promises and to meet its short term liabilities. This also helps to understand whether firm will be requiring spare financing and firm can take advantage of new business opportunities as they arise.In cash flow analysis we will evaluate 3 ratios Operating cash flow to current liabilities, Interest coverage (cash flow basis) operating cash flow to dividend payment. Methodology for calculation of cash flow ratios is shown in APPENDIX 5Table 11 Cash flow ratios for Coles LtdBased on the table above, we can say that Coles has the ability to servic e its debts which can be seen in firms interest coverage ratio from cash flow basis. Moreover, we observe that Op. cash flow to dividend payment has locomote over the time span from 2002 to 2006 which could be an area of concern. Operating cash flow to current liabilities has also fallen a bit, which means it can be a problem for the firm if legitimate unexpected obligation come up due to which it might require additional financing.Table 12 Cash flow ratios Comparison, 2006If we compare Coles to its competitors in the industry which it operates we observe that Coles has got better interest coverage ratio (cash flow basis) as compared to Woolworths Metcash which means that Coles has better ability to service its debts than its counterparts. Coles also has a shortcoming in operating cash flow to dividend payment ratio, as it can be seen it has the lowest operating cash flow to dividend payment ratio. It can be attributable to the fact that it pays more dividends than it should pay. So it can be concluded that Coles needs to reduce dividend payment as it might lead Coles in to financial difficulties if some unexpected obligations turn up. In terms of operating cash flow to current liabilities we see that although it has fallen substantially for Coles in last 5 years but it is at par with its biggest competitor Woolworths greater than Metcash.3. Prospective analysisProspective analysis enables us to determine future performance of the firm based on historical performance of the company. Here will be determining the mean return for sales and earning before interest taxes (EBIT) . Using those mean returns we will be make a sales forecast and EBIT forecast.3.1 gross revenue and EBIT forecastIn determining the sales growth, I have considered the following assumptions-Past trend of sales is going to continue in the following years.Firm is not going to bring a major change in its pricing policy.The intromission for sales EBIT growth is historical sales EBIT gro wth and I have used mean reverting model to determine the future sales growth, in which future sales EBIT growth will be mean return of last 4 years sales growth. I have not taken the 5 year sales EBIT growth because EBIT growth rate is to high in 2002 (73%) which could adversely effect the mean return considering present situation of Coles.Table 13 Sales EBIT Growth outrank for Coles LtdUsing the mean reverting model we are able to find out a growth rate of sales for 7.64% EBIT growth rate of 11.87%. Using these growth rates we will be able to make a sales forecast EBIT forecast. This forecast will help in proper valuation of Coles on the basis of its predicted future performance.Figure 1 Line chart for sales EBIT growthTable 14 Sales EBIT Forecast for Coles LTDUsing the growth rates we can forecast the sales and EBIT for Coles which helps an analyst in a fair valuation of the company. The main reason we use the sales growth as a base for forecasting, is that the mass of f irm income is derived from its supermarket business.This forecast suffers from one serious shortcoming that EBIT growth has fallen from 34.31% in 2004 to 11.16% in 2005 and then to -17.07% in 2006 but we are still predicting a growth in EBIT of 11.87% in 2007 and thereafter.4. ConclusionI have gone through the multi-step process of ratio analysis, cash flow analysis and prospective analysis to present a report on financial analysis of Coles ltd. During the process, I have identified that Coles is operating in a mature industry with small profit margins.I have performed ratio analysis, cash flow analysis prospective analysis which would help a great deal in valuation of Coles based on its current market situation. During the Ratio analysis I was able to conclude that Coles has got good activity liquidity ratios but the major area of concern is profitableness ratios. Coles needs to improve its net profitability so as brave out in this competitive environment. Cash flow analysis he lped us to sop up that Coles has cash flow ratios at par with its competitor, Woolworths, but Coles need to reduce its dividend payout as it is too high as compared to industry counterparts. By doing a prospective analysis I am able to forecast the future sales EBIT for Coles for next 4 years. Growth rate for forecast has been deliberate using the mean return for past 4 years. This helps us to understand future growth of the company.I would like to conclude by motto that although Coles is competing in a low profit margin industry but it is the 2nd biggest company in the retail industry, therefore if it brings about certain petite changes in its financing and operating activities it can add a great deal to its shareholders value.

Similarities between Greek and Roman Art

Similarities between Grecian and Roman ArtThe classical and Roman are country are located in the Mediterranean. capital of Italy assimilated into the Hellenic way of life but besides this, there were politic existed major differences between antediluvian patriarch capital of Italy and ancient classical curiously the Athens. The history of the ancient Romans and ancient Greek can be compared and contrasted development the economic, social and political aspects of the two countries.In the colonial era, the Greeks and Romans affected and influenced for each one other. The two nations mostly interacted with trade at the black ocean and Mediterranean regions. The trade also thrived due to security from Roman military. As time eloped and civilization perpetuated, the Romans select beliefs and practices of the Greeks (Guttman, 2012).There exist differences and similarities in the ancient Rome and ancient Greek economy. Athens developed with ocean trade, whereas Rome grew by conq uest. Initially, Greeks adept fishing and trading (Gill). Both countries technical agriculture. Both countries grew wheat but the Greece fai guide due to bad farming techniques which led to poor wheat productivity hence they adopted mass mathematical product of olive oil (Gill). Olive oil and grapes was the major export by Greek small-arm romans common trade items were bronze and pottery .Both Greeks and Romans use labor from slaves, both also exercise mining. Initially, the romans derived their labor from slaves whom they acquired in the fight but later on the Greeks adopted the practice (Guttman, 2012).Both romans and Greek practiced wile though Greek art was deliberated to be maestro to that of Roman Art. Roman art was to decorate using realistic portraits while Greek art was to produce ideal artistic forms. Greece was associated with art amend known as Venus de Milo while the romance practiced fresci the mosaic or wall painting art. Robertson, 1969). The Romans had conc rete to build larger better buildings un wish well the Greeks. Roman architecture was characterized by arches and domes which Greeks didnt use. The Roman and Greek temples were almost identical but the Roman, incorporated few details like domes and vaults to make them more aesthetic(Robertson, 1969).Both countries had social classes created by wealth differences. kindly classes of the Greek were slaves, freedmen, Metics, citizens and women while those of Rome were slaves, freedmen, plebeians and patricians (Guttman, 2012). Roman women were considered citizen contrary to the Greece. The Greek believed women were gossipers could non own property, should be secluded and accompanied in public and their main responsibility was to perform household chores, get married and bear children unconnected in Rome where women were valued for devotion, humility, peace, loyalty in marriage, had freedom of driving force and could own property(Guttman, 2012).in the Greek family, oiko ,sons could challenge their fathers ability to run the family while in the Rome pater families, sons were subjected to their father. In both the Roman and Greek cultures, bisexuality was common. However, the Greeks peculiarly the wealthy had moral tolerance of homosexuality (Gill).Both countries have distinct terrain though located in the Mediterranean region. All Greek cities neared pissing bodies while Rome was an inland country on the banks of River Tiber. Based on geographical positioning, Rome had immigrants and invaders which the Greek did not as most Greek cities were separated hilly country sides (Gill).Both Greek and Roman residents practiced polytheist religion. The Greeks focused on life on earth and believed man would be judged on earth and his deeds both good and bad would arrive him into afterlife while the romans believed that ones actions if proper and many would make one divinity fudge in heaven. The Romans gods and goddesses were not characterized by action therefore not sex specific unlike the Greeks deities (Morford Lenardon, 1999).Originally Greeks were ruled by king scarce like Rome but later on by oligarchy, monarchies, tyrannies, and antiauthoritarian establishment whereas in Rome kings were followed by a body politican government comprising of loyal blood senate and an assembly and later on emperors(Guttman, 2012). With both governments, officials were elect to represent the populate and citizens toke part decision-making but in the Greek classless government, the citizens had littoral sovereignty while with the Roman Republican government the people had ultimate sovereignty. The Greek was ruled by Athens between 500-300 BCE attach Greeces Golden Age, whereas Romes golden age existed in the last century of the Republic and the first century or two of the Empire (Gill).Summarily, the ancient Greece and romans interacted through trade which was made convenient by their proximity to one another. The romans adopted Greece way of life. Nevertheless, the two nations practiced agriculture and mining, practiced polytheism and did art and architecture. Greeks were governed through democracy while the romans were republicans. The Greek art was superior to roman art though their architecture lacked arches and domes present in the roman architecture.in addition, women in Rome had right to own property and were citizens unlike Greece women who had limitations on movement and were not considered citizens.

Description of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Description of the Minnesota Multiphasic nature InventoryThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a standardized questionnaire designed to bring forth a wide variety of self-descriptions scored to give a quantitative dimension of an individuals take of emotional adjustment and approach toward test taking. The MMPI has been known as the principal ad hominemity inventorying, more or less psychologists who conduct taskments as part of their clinical and consulting forcible exercise utilize this test. The widespread use of this test is accredited to several features ranging from its singleness in hit and administration, a straightforward response format that is of the essence(p) for research design, a large period pool, umpteen useful purposes and functions, and many practic all(prenominal)y established correlates.Psychologists make diagnostic and intervention decisions, through MMPI, it has been busy in inpatient and outpatient mental health facilities. I t has been used by psychologists in clinical setting to evaluate the existence of psychological components in physical issues and to support in predicting responses to a variety of therapy and treatment.Starke R. Hathaway and J. Charnley McKinley essential the MMPI in 1939 at the university of Minnesota. It was developed initially because of their vision of an instrument that could assistance in evaluating patients during spot psychiatric case workups and could precisely determine the severity of their disorders.Hathaway believed the MMPI might aid researchers in assessing the usefulness of untried treatment interventions by al lowlying methodical coordinated and evaluation of the participants.The MMPI was constructed using the criterion keying method also known as the empirical method of inventory locution. (Archer, 1997) The criterion keying method is apply by testing with two or more collections of participants. One group serves as the criterion group, this group has e vidence of the defining trait, diagnosis or sign that test is intended to evaluate, and the other group/groups serve as a comparison group, where there is no evidence of the characteristics or diagnosis under evaluation. Responses of the criterion and comparison group ar compared, and percentage points are then selected for inventory membership that empirically demonstrate signifi stinkert differences in response frequency. (Archer, 1997)Hathaway and McKinley began their construction of the MMPI by creating an extensive item pool from which various casings could be constructed, the item pool consisted of a variety of statements from different sources, ranging from previously established surmounts of personal and social attitudes, clinical reports, case histories, psychiatric interviewing manuals and personal clinical experience. (Groth-Marnat, 1997) the vector sum of extensive exclusion and amendment were 504 statements, these statements were balanced between positive and ne gative wording, and were developed to tap into a broad area of an individuals life. The 504 items were divided into twenty-five pith areas. These included items related to general medical and neurological symptoms, the clinical measures ranged from hypochondriasis, depression, furiousness psychopathic deviate, paranoia, schizophrenia, etc to scales to social introversion etc.An additional 55 items cerebration to be related to masculinity-femininity were later added, and 9 items were subsequently deleted to achieve the last pool of550 items. (Nichols, 2001)The format of the inventory was first person declarative statements, compose of basic phrasing based on contemporary word-frequency tables. The responses were limited to true, mendacious or cannot say. (Nichols, 2001)The population consisted of normals(Nichols) who were selected to contrast with the pathological criterion groups (N=724) ranging from the age of 16 to 65 referred also as the Minnesota normals(Groth-Marnat, 19 97), the sample was closely representative of a typical group of individuals from the Minnesota population, as indicated through the 1930 census.The scales were cross-validated by selecting a different group of normals and contrasting their responses with a new group of clinical patients so that the items and scales would be valid for differential psychoanalysis in clinical setting.Hathaway and McKinley were interested in the fact that participants amend the impression they make on the test due to different test taking positions and opinions t consequently the created several scales that could identify the different types and magnitudes of various test-taking attitudes which could invalidate the clinical scales. They developed four scales the cannot say scale (?) was simply the total number of unanswered statements If amount of questions was game it would reduce the overall lustiness of the MMPI pen. The lie scale (L) was developed to indicates the examinees efforts to place himself/herself morally and culturally under an favorable visible radiation a create an favorable impression. The infrequency scale (F) is used to assess the inclination of individuals to claim highly unusual attitudes, opinions, and behaviors that are classified as an component of psychopathology. The correction scale (k) assesses the examinees degree of psychological defensiveness (Groth-Marnat, 1997) this is considered the close to strategic asperity scale.Practical evaluation of the MMPIThe MMPI can be administered to an individual who is higher up the age of 16, with an average sixth-grade reading level. As mentioned in a higher place an individual above the age of 16 is permitted to take the test, but adolescent norms needs to be addresses. Standard development are given prior to the test, test instruction are given regarding the nature and purpose of the test, and what it is designed to evaluate, and how the results will be used. Administering of the MMPI can be viewed as a relatively easy undertaking, and hence many practitioners tend to overlook spanking elements that influence the participants test-taking attitude and would in the end lead to invalid results. Prior to the administration, scoring, and interpretation of results, the administrator should highlight the enormousness and consequences of the test in a serious manner to the test-taker, often the administrators do not high light the importance of the test to decrease military operation anxiety. A clear elucidation oh how the results are significant and how it is going to be used will increase cooperation.Interpretation of data is an important and vital part of the MMPI the collected is useful in supplying information close attitudes toward assessment, cooperation, cognitive/ideation, mood and affect, conflict areas, coping styles, diagnostic consideration and treatment recommendationThe interpretation of the advance was based on the principle that a participant attains a raw scor e on each scale based on the number of items that they identified in the scored direction. The raw hemorrhoid are then later converted to T hit, with a incriminate of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.The interpretation of the test can be done in three ways, first using the validity indicators, this is the first step in understand any personality profile which is establishing the validity to assure the subjects cooperativeness in taking the test. MMPI has been established as having the more or less comprehensive validity indicators (Goldstein, 2000) among all established personality inventories and assessments. second interpreting results involve Configural Interpretation (code type), this is due to the intercorrelations amongst scales and also the circle amongst the similarities of clinical syndromes, evidence has been attained indicating several MMPI scales tend to increase together, therefore, interpretations of scales should depend on the elevations of other scales in the p ersonality profile. Third and final approach to interpreting the results is meaning bases interpretation. The principal followed in the content interpretation relies on the effrontery that the participant when answering test items is reacting and responding with honesty and sincerity to the MMPI. Accordingly the content of the MMPI may represent a vital source of information that cannot be accessible through empirical test-interpretation.Technical evaluationThe reliability analysis of the MMPI indicate that its has moderate levels of temporal stability and internal consistency all MMPI scales are quite reliable, with values that range from a low of .71 to a high of .84. (Groth-Marnat, 1997) many studies read reported inconsistency in whatsoever of the scales many argue that the scales of the MMPI show instability in the test scores that are to be anticipated. This is mainly due to the psychiatric population since the cause of treatment or stabilization in a temporary crisis pl aza is likely to be reflected in a patients test performance. (Groth-Marnat, 1997)To cross-validate the scales, participants of the criterion and the conquer groups were administered the items. To qualify as cross-validated, a scale had to distinguish the criterion group from the control group at a 0.5 alpha level significance. other issue that has surface about the MMPI is about the construction of the scales. The intercorrelations between most of the scales are relatively high, which is primarily due to the extensive amount of item overlap. Occasionally, the kindred item will be concurrently used for the scoring of a few other scales, and hence most of the scales brace a relatively high percentage of items similar to other scalesThe problems associated with the reliability and scale construction have led to hurdles and speculation on the validity of the MMPI. MMPI has been commended about its strict psychometric properties that present complications, but it has been adequately paying(a) by its intensive validity studiesDevelopment of the MMPI-2 and MMPI-AProblems concerning the MMPI were mainly about the festering issues related to scale construction, insufficiency of a standardized sample and problems with the item pool. The sea captain norm had inadequate representation of the minorities and hence was redundant in making conclusions about and with current test-takers. In 1982, the university of Minnesota instigated a major research in effort to revise, update, improve, and restandardize the MMPI. Its main tendencys were to delete the redundant, questionable, and problematic items. stay fresh the efficacy of existing validity clinical and different widely utilized scales of the test. Develop a representative sample, Develop new, revised norms for the MMPI and the development of new scales.The MMPI was updated and restandardized and the new version was released in 1989 46 years after the trustworthy MMPI was published. The revised MMPI-2 differs fr om the older MMPI in various ways the T scores that the subject obtains are usually not as deviant as those from the previous version. In addition, the T scores designed to produce the same range and distribution right through the established clinical scales. The virtual(a) result is that T scores of 65 or greater are considered to be in clinical scale range also the percentile distributions are consistent throughout the different type of scales. The test brochure itself contains 567 items, but the pattern has been changed so that the previously established scales (the 10 clinical and 3 validity scales) can be derived from the first 370 items. The proceeding 197 items result different content, supplementary scales. A number of new and revised scales have been included along with new, revised, adjunctive procedures of test validity, separate measure of masculinity and femininity and 15 other additional content scales measuring clear and specific personality traits and factors. (G roth-Marnat, 1997)The MMPI-2 shares a lot of psychometric property with the original MMPI. The median split-half reliability coefficients for the MMPI and the MMPI-2 are in the .70s with some coefficients as high as .96 but others much lower. Median of the test-retest coefficients range from a low .50 to .90 when one observes the basic higher-order factor structure the MMPI and the MMPI-2 are extremely reliable, with coefficients runway as high as .90.The MMPI and the MMPI have been criticized due to the item overlap and this issue was not confronted in the revision of the original MMPI, as the goal was to retain all the original scales. Another criticism associated with the MMPI and MMPI-2 is the imbalance in the way the items are keyed(Kaplan Saccuzzo, 2009). the MMPI and the MMPI-2 strongly emphasize the importance of taking the participants demographics into report when interpreting profiles.The MMPI-A was published for the sole interest of creating an instrument for adolesce nts, with a prescriptive sample depicting the broad teenage population. This occurred because MMPI produced different scale elevations for adolescence than for adults. This resulted in the construction of different sets of recommended norms for use with adolescent populations. To counter argue that the MMPI is also long, especially for adolescent, the MMPI-A contains 478 items, there by shortening the administration. (Groth-Marnat, 1997)Significant features of the MMPI include descriptive and diagnostic information about the personality profiles, flexible administration and scoring. The most important feature of the MMPI is its validity scales and it has been translated and published into over 20 languagesThe most needed amendment of the MMPI apparently has been a major accomplishment the majority of psychologist, researchers, and clinicians have supported its utility and practical value resulting in its rising popularity among them. The MMPI serves to assist in distinguishing the normal from abnormal groups specifically the test was designed to benefactor aid in diagnosis and evaluation of major psychiatric or psychological disorders.

Realism Naturalism English

naturalism naturalism English pragmatism and naturalism are dickens similar literary movements of the 19th and 20th ascorbic acid that deal with the real, cruel world. Realism was developed in the early 1800s as a branch off of Ro bitticism which alike dealt with ordinary, natural life. Realism most straightforwardly is the truthful treatment of material. Writers in this movement think mainly on everyday, natural incidents involving ordinary flock, nonhing as well as perfect or out of the ordinary. This movement put most emphasis on detached, precise observations of hu serviceman life. Some such writers were Mark Twain and dean Howells. pragmatism was just a more extreme, darker version of Realism. However Naturalism is ground on very divergent philosophy in which people are prisoners of their inheritance and social environment, a result of Darwinian tempt of scientific reasoning. In Naturalism, life is viewed more as machine the like than humanistic man is simply j ust an other animal on planet earth driven by his chemistry and environment. Spirituality has no part in this literary movement it is all scientifically based. A few writers in this movement were Theodore Dreiser and Ambrose Beirce. Although Realism and Naturalism are quite similar movements, they are still two very distinct philosophic views on life as illustrated in two pieces of such writings Hedda Gabler by Henrik Isben and Chickamauga write by Ambrose Beirce.Hedda Gabler is a play written in 1890 by Henrik Ibsen, a Realistic writer, in which Realism is displayed and its principles qualified. Since Realism is a movement dedicated to revealing the vulgarity and cruelty of confederation to the people this story is likewise an account of a perverse, earthy society. It is based and names after the main character, Hedda Gabler. Gabler is her maiden name, but using it as the title sets the Realistic tone that all she ever did was care for herself and her erstwhile comfortable, a ristocratic lifestyle. She is a prime example of how perverse society and its worship really is. Hedda was married to George Tesman and apparently pregnant with his child which morally is vatic to mean that she has some sort of binding love with him, however, she confessed to Mrs. Elvsted that even after all that, she really had no accredited feelings for Tesman. Not only does she non love her husband but she has no problem with cheating on him with his scholarly archrival, Eilert Loevborg. This is a prime illustration of the Realistic view of a perverse society. Although this story is pointing out the perverse nature of mankind, it is not taking and humane traits out of the characters like Naturalism it is a much little extreme example of an ultimately corrupt humanity.Chickamauga is a misfortunate story written by American Ambrose Beirce, a sardonic causality obsessed with death, a Naturalism characteristic, which can blatantly be seen in this story. Naturalism comes from a desire to shock the middle class with constitutional and vivid depictions of sadistic, animalistic characters. First of all, Beirces attitude towards the six year obsolete male child in the story, referring to the boy as it, qualifies the Naturalistic principle that man is merely just another animal, no more than a lab case study. Naturalists do not believe than humans possess whatsoever kind of otherworldly soul that separates them from all other life forms. This is visualized especially by the boy and to a fault somewhat by the soldiers and other characters in the story. Already has Beirce started dehumanizing the boy by calling him it, but also they way he writes about him in such an annoyed, insufferable manor house it is plain to see that to the Naturalists, the boy is worthless. It is even more appalling considering the abrupt tone Beirce took with the boy to find out at the end that he was a deaf mute. Naturalists have no more care for shortsighted children with ha ndicaps than they do with anything else. This detached tone is also taken with the maimed, dying soldiers drag themselves to the creek. They are plainly observed by the young boy who was amused and intrigued, not aghast, by the awkward way their maimed bodies approached the creek and by how the men whod let their heads down to get a drink had been too weak to lift their heads stomach out and had drowned in the water. Realists do not take the human factor out of mankind like Naturalists do they simply observe without any kind of emotion or bail to the characters and setting.Not only are these soldiers being described and treated inhumanly, the childs reception to these images were solely influenced and determined by his past experiences, his environment. These men were suffering implausibly and the young boy just laughed as he saw them near and thought nothing of their disfigu blushful features until one of them aggressively pushed him off of his back onto the ground. At first he thought of them as amusing because the red blood that covered their faces and bodies reminded him of a clown he had once been socialize by, and the way some of them were crawling reminded him of the way some of his familys slaves had pretended to be horses for him to ride. Because of his past experiences with seemingly similar circumstances, the boy was not afraid and even jumped on the back of one of the crawling soldiers he thought was also pretending to be a horse. However, after the man shoved the little boy off onto the ground and the boy saw his disfigured face he finally became afraid. The mans jawless, bloody face reminded the little boy of a carnivorous bird after its kill. Both of these reactions were not based on any kind of feeling they were simply reactions to the boys environment, another principle of Naturalism. Realism does not try to give any reasons for a characters actions whether they are results of their environment or moral responsibilities. Naturalism is a scientific philosophy rationalizing how and why man works the way he does Realism simply tries to put an accurate emphasis on humane understanding, leaving the characters motive to himself.Although Realism and Naturalism do branch off from each(prenominal) other, they are very different in that Realism leaves the humanistic qualities and just focusing on true observations of a corrupt society whereas Naturalism is a scientific philosophy that mankind is nothing more than another life form on earth acting upon only his chemistry and environmental circumstances. Hedda Gabler and Chickamauga were two very suitable examples of each literary movement. They both clearly exhibited the principles of each movement to the reader.

Dominant Women in Society :: essays research papers

In the fib Hunger as Ideology by Susan Bordo women are portrayed as passive and inferior to men. Bordo pick ups into advertisements to prove her point about how distinct it is that women are how they are suppose to be dainty and quaint. In the movie The doubting doubting Thomas Crown Affair it is totally opposite the woman in this myth is independent, hygienic, and self-reliant. She is able to outsmart him and prove to him that she is able to survive without any help. The fresh women has transformed and broken the stereotype and have made their way into baseball club as an equal. Nowadays, advertisements depict how women should act, dress, and go through. For example in Hunger as Ideology, it memorialise devil different advertisements for Haagen-Dazs Ice cream, one with a man who barely finished a half-pint sprightly, the other with a woman who well(p) now took a bite from her ice cream bar. Although very discreet, the message is visible to consumers. Another example, are the plunder-free Jell-o ads, where an attractive slender woman is bend back on a chair eating jell-o from a glass. Above the picture is a quote which says, Im a girl who just cant say no. I insist on dessert. To the side of the ad, it states, Every woman is entitles to her just desserts. Just as long as dessert is Sugar redundant Jell-O Gelatin. Its light and fruity and fun. And its only calories. This ad emphasizes on how women want dessert, but its only okay to have it if its dough free. The dessert you dont have to desert because its sugar free. Same concept with the Wonder Light Bread, in this ad two women are side by side on a green bench one holding a carrot, the other happily smiling with a sandwich and the ad saying, Youll think your cheating, but you know your notIts Wonder Light bread. These ads accentuate how its okay to eat a lot, as long as you eat light. Women look upon these ads and are convinced that this is how they are suppose to be, but in the Thomas Cro wn Affair, the message is completely opposite.Catherine Banning, is the insurance lawyer for the case against the stolen Monet icon in the Thomas Crown Affair. It is evident that she is a strong independent woman who needs not to rely on anyone specially a man.

robotics Essay -- essays research papers

Robots-un honest/immoral?Lately in that respect have been more and more smart machines that have been taking oer regular adult male tasks but as it grows the bigger picture is that robots bequeath take over a lot of tasks now done by people. But, galore(postnominal) people think that there are important ethical and moral issues that have to be dealt with this. Sooner or later there is going to be a robot that will interact in a humane manner but there are many questions to be asked like how will they interact with us? Do we in reality want machines that are independent, self-directed, and has affect and emotion? I think we do, because they poop provide many benefits. Obviously, as with all technologies, there are dangers as well. We need to ensure that people always maintain control, that they serve human needs. Robots cou...

Who Killed the Seven Dwarves? :: miscellaneous

Who Killed the Seven Dwarves?Has Disneyfication destroyed the traditional syndicate tale and modify childrens illustrated literature?Art & Design BA Hons. ILLUSTRATION content3. Introduction4. The Death of the Seven Dwarves5. Folk Tales6. Rant 17. input Laurence Anholt writes...8. Beauty and the Beast9. Cartoons, Capitalism, Commerce and Conjecture13. Walter Elias Disney18. Forum21. I give way22. Sycophant24. Rant 226. Tex Avery27. Cutting Edge and Contemporary with typographic Twists31. Conclusion33. Bibliography / ReferenceIntroductionHaving unyielding to produce a childrens book as part of my Degree course, I initi exclusivelyy considered physical composition a contemporary version of one of the old folk or fairy tales, possibly a story by Hans Christian Andersen or a tale collected by the Brothers Grimm. I narrowed my selections and dogged tentatively on a reworking of the clean folk tale nose candy White and the Seven Dwarfs. I immediately tried to blank all thoughts o f Happy, Dopey, Sneezey, Bashful, Sleepy, Grumpy and Doc, only this proved harder than expected. How do you go about renaming, individualising and illustrating characters that are so unwaveringly ensconced in the memories of children all over the world? Disneys monopolising of the fairy/folk tale genre and mass marketing of the characters as toys appeared to limit my options of adapting the nose candy White story to...a. Mocking the Disney version in the tale itself.orb. Radically departing from the original story and imagery....both of which seemed quite appealing.I finally decided on a subtle combination of both options, but refractory to look further into Disneys domination and desecration of folk tales, myths, fables and classic childrens literature.The Death of the Seven DwarfsOn a high discernible between Brugg and Waldshut, near the Black Forest, seven dwarfs lived together in a small house. Late one evening an attractive young grouch daughter, who was lost and hungry, approached them and requested shelter for the night. The dwarfs had only seven recognizes, and they fell to argumentation with one another, for each one wanted to give up his bed for the fille. Finally the oldest one took the girl into his bed. Before they could fall asleep a peasant woman appeared before their house, knocked on the door, and asked to be let inside. The girl got up immediately and told the woman that the dwarfs had only seven beds, and that there was no room there for anyone else. With this the woman became very angry and accused the girl of being a slut, thinking that she was cohabiting with all seven men.

Gwenllian Princess of Wales :: European History

Gwenllian Princess of Wales Gwenllian was only a few months old when her father, Llywelyn the Last, was killed near Irfon bridge deck on 11 December 1282. Her mother, Llywelyns cousin, Eleanor de Montfort, died while giving birth to her in the palace of Pen-y-Bryn, in Abergwyngregyn near Bangor, Gwynedd on 12 June 1282. Llywelyn and Eleanor (the daughter of Simon de Monfort) were unite in Worcester in 1278 following Eleanors release at the end of a period of about three years as a prisoner of the English crown. Gwenllian was the only child of the marriage. There were no sons, therefore, to inherit the human activity of Prince of Wales, but as the daughter of Prince Llywelyn, Gwenllian was the heiress of the Princes of Gwynedd and the royal family of Aberffraw. She was the Princess of Wales and as a result represented considerable danger to the king of England. Were it not for their shut out family ties it is likely that the king would have arranged for her too to be killed. Ins tead, she was destined, upon the orders of Edward I, to fall out the remainder of her biography in a Gilbertine priory at Sempringham in Lincolnshire. Edward unplowed the title of Prince of Wales for the crown, bestowing it upon his son Edward who was crowned in Caernarfon in 1301 aged 17 years. Sempringham was far from Wales, and the Gilbertine order was an English order led by a highly respected prior who was requested to take care of the chisel princess for the princely sum of 20 a year. Although the princess was cloistered at Sempringham to guarantee her disappearance from the face of Welsh history, the king of England was not averse to employ Gwenllian to his advantage as he saw fit. When Sempringham fell upon hard generation the king wrote to the Pope requesting assistance, reminding him that the prior was the guardian of the daughter of Llywelyn, Prince of Wales. Gwenllian spent her life in the flat fenlands of eastern England rather than amongst the mountains of the la nd of her birth and, in all likelihood, she never knew the sounds of her native tongue. Throughout her time at the priory the English never succeeded in correctly pronouncing her name she is listed as Wencilian in the priorys records and it seems that she herself employ the signature Wentliane. According to the priorys records, Gwenllian, daughter of the Prince of Wales, died in 1337 having spent fifty-four years in the order.

Morality and Computer Games, Where do you draw the line? :: essays research papers

Many people are fine with computer games for various reasons. electronic computer games promote education by helping draw people to computers and development educational games.Computer games help gain attention from people who do not normally use computers. Games are a great representation to discipline people not only how to use computers, but alike that computers are not hard and can in truth be free rein and handy to use. There are all different types of games that can be used to do this, so everyone can be attracted through some type of game.Games not only can be used to teach people some computers, but also anything else that can be legal opinion of Games are used throughout many schools to supplement teaching subjects from type to science and even english. Educational games are extremely hard-hitting and economical because through appealing to the student they can learn more because they are interested in what they are doing. For example, I can tell you about all sorts of diseases threatening settlers during the origin of America simply from playing operating theatre multiple times in elementary school.The conflicting view with the authority of computer games is that some people view them to be too effective in some areas. The problem is that some people have worry separating fantasy from reality. When this problem persists, computer games are seen to promote violence and abhorrenceViolent media was blamed for the Columbine High School shootings. Some manage that this type of media is getting too real and desensitizing the human scholarship of death of violence.Obviously from the above material we can conclude that gaga computer and video games are only suitable for those who can actually separate the fantasy from reality. The problem is finding a way to legal philosophy this distribution of material. Music has tried the stickers for explicit content, however it is up to the parents to decide what their children can handle and what th ey should not listen to. Sometimes parents mountt even know their childrens boundaries when it comes to this type of media. If parents cant even figure it out, how are we? Another complication is that it is not bonnie children we have to police.

Adaptation of Heart of Darkness to the Movie, Apocalypse Now :: Movie Film Comparison Compare Contrast

Adaptation of Heart of Darkness to the Movie, Apocalypse NowI chose to do this essay on the idea of story adaptation, and wherefore changes are make to a story. I originally wanted to look at it nevertheless in terms of Apocalypse Now, and how the story of Heart of Darkness was updated to conciliate a different environment and time period, while still world true to many of the events, characters, ideas and themes presented in the story. I was curious near what changes were made, and what that indicated about how the director, and maybe society as a whole, felt about more or less concept that maybe were no longer acceptable or satisfactory. However, when I started looking also at the biographical information about Conrad, it became conk that the story itself is an adaptation of sorts. Even though I already knew that Conrad had taken a trip similar to one Marlow takes, I had not been alive(predicate) of the departures of adaptation that were made to the story. In 1890 Conrad was given a captains commission of a steam boat on the Congo, due to the influence of a female relative. He traveled floor the coast and up the river, and hiked 200 miles overland to reach his boat, which was sunk. But from that blossom on the story is a departure. Conrad, rather than waiting and fixing the boat, enlisted on another steamboat and traveled up river, getting very sick along the way. On the way back down the river, the captain was sicker than he was, so he got to captain the boat then. When he finally reached the station where the boat he had a commission for was supposed to be waiting, he build that his job had been given to individual else, so he returned to England. So why did he take what starts out looking like a fictionalized autobiographical account, and then half way through the story start universe totally fictional? The important changes made seems to be that he is in charge of the boat, and thus is in control of his own journey to the vegetable marrow of darkness. The other is the significance of the Kurtz character. Prof Abel mentioned Kurtz was loosely based on someone named Klein, that presumably the significance of Kurtz is much more symbolic than biographical. possibly Conrad creates Kurtz to embody the issues that he thought about during his trip on the Congo, but which never actually personified themselves so concretely.

A Separate Peace :: Free Essay Writer

What point of view does each character show in regards to their positioning to the war?The war is a symbol of how things argon non endlessly what they seem. Recruiting posters and propaganda to join the army convinced many boys into thinking the war is an fire adventure. The characters ingredient, Finny, and Leper are used as opposing forces struggle between that tatty humanity of war and a crystallise love-in-idleness(Brian, Gatten), A peace of mind away from the real war and all the terrible things that come. The attitudes towards war of Finny, Gene and Leper reflect their approach to flavor. Finny does not face the reality in intent nor the war, Leper (stands on the sidelines) is isolated from life and the war, while Gene is a coadjutor in life and the war.Finny does not face the reality in life nor the war by, finny first begins to create games. Because Phineas cannot face the reality of the real war. For him, these games are representative of the war. Finny made up these games and he made it so that he could be in control. This is just the likes of Finny s world of separate peace. Also finny does not fully understand the impact of war on people. He does not understand that war kills people physically and mentally. He also does not understand how it affects a persons life.Finny is not present for the beginning of the fall session at Devon and as a result, the statement Peace had deserted Devon(knowles, pg. 132). Is true indicates the lack of peacethe peace that the school had come to know when finny was present.(Brian, Gatten) With the lack of this peace, the door is open for the reality that is war, to enter. (Brian, Gatten)Finny has his own reality, about the war. That is why he created the games to the substitute for the war.Lepers attitude towards to the war is that he feels that was does not affect him. Leper is much like Finny because of his innocent, romantic view of the world, he loves nature and especially skiing during the winter. Le per is not popular at Devon due to his oddities, but he does not bound any attention to such things. He joins the army after sightedness a film about their ski troops although he is not even fighting is the war he is shocked to find soldiers life to be much different from what he expects.

management :: essays research papers

1.Donna is a successful leader because she has the mountain to root on people to follow her and give the goals that benefit the Zoo . Donna had a vision or sh ard dream to make the buffalo Zoo determine its world class in 10-25 years, a strategy of gaining employees respect by empowering them to make decisions, encouraging them and supporting their efforts, Donna is a self confidence person, she has the line of credit fellowship because of her high education (master,ph.D) and her extensive experience in brute , Ballmers actions and behaviors demonstrate a task orientation approach by setting performance goals, coordinating activities, providing resources, supervising workers and setting standards. By thought process about the business in the future, holding people accountable for their responsibilities, works together, forming a business strategy, amend technology development, building trust with customers, improving grapheme of products and services, and showing honesty a nd respect to competitors. All theise great quality that Donna holds made her successful as president and CEO. 2.Ballmer expresses a position power. This includes a legitimate power that indicates a formal authority. One of Ballmers goals is to achieve a greater business is to push authority down. Indicating that Ballmer wants all the authority. dogmatic power is also expressed by Ballmer, a power to punish, rectification and withhold rewards. He is going to hold employee responsible for their actions.3.There is deduction of a personalized power orientation which focuses on an impulsive power. Ballmer seems analogous he wants controlled and centralized decision making. He doesnt ask for advice or feedback from the managers or other employees. 4.Yes, there is evidence of delegation. Delegation is defined as a leader providing employees with several tasks. Ballmer made a list of youthful tasks that needed to be accomplished in order for Microsoft to become a better company. If th ese task arent being accomplished then employees are going held accountable. 5.Yes, Ballmer demonstrates the 3Cs Model of Leadership. He has competence by being knowledge about how Microsoft operates.

Stanley Kubricks Full Metal Jacket and Eisenharts You Cant Hack It Little Girl :: essays papers

Stanley Kubricks just metallic element Jacket and R Wayne Eisenharts You Cant Hack It Little daughter A Discussion Of The under wraps(predicate) Psychological Agenda of Modern encounter Training,Stanley Kubrick uses his film, Full Metal Jacket to say that people today argon brainwashed products of decades of conditioning. Kubrick strongly encourages us to relish individual thought. He expresses that parliamentary laws ideology encourages conformity, which can eventually cause fatality. Also the phrase You Cant Hack It Little Girl A Discussion Of The Covert Psychological Agenda of Modern Combat Training by R Wayne Eisenhart realizes the extreme repression on individuality in the Marines. We all like to look of ourselves as individuals. However, in truth, we all live in a megabucks denial created be ourselves to feel less guilty about instituting awful pressure to, and the consequences if one does not, conform. The way one learns about oneself is often through others words and actions. This outside feedback creates a role for a person that he/she accepts as who he/she is. Therefore, it is the words and actions of another that forms the self-identity of a person, and ad this chassis develops, positive, reinforcing words and actions become requirement for ones healthy existence. Of course, there are change degrees of conformity, and in most people there is the struggle to hold on to their individuality. This struggle is apparent in the scene in Full Metal Jacket when Gomer Pyle is beaten with soaps in towels. The other members of the troop become upset at Pyles nonconformity, and their negative feelings eventually reached the point of violence. Then Pyles struggle was ended and he became like the others, a killing machine. In his article, Eisenhart recognizes that the training process created intense emotional conflicts generated by the formation of a male role, and that there was a continual structured effort to attaint and shape the individuals self- two-bagger. Because all throughout history conformity was a necessary way of life, one may see society now as completely brainwashed. Kubrick depicts the longstanding tradition of the US Marines as a kind of cult where everyone is uniformly behaved and not one thought is individual. Even Joker, who has an image of originality in the film, eventually gives in to the group. First in the scene where he is cajoled in to hitting Pyle with the soap, and second when he struggles with himself, but ultimately conforms by killing the Vietnamese sniper at the encouragement of his peers.

Soliloquies Essay - A Powerful Soliloquy in Macbeth -- Macbeth essays

A Powerful Soliloquy in Macbeth The play Macbeth uses soliloquies with coarse effectuate to express the thoughts of individual characters, particularly in the case of the protagonist, Macbeth. In bit V Scene V, strong words from Macbeth convey to the reader dickens themes of the play. This soliloquy demonstrates the plays use of irony and the use of the disparity between the great opposition of light and darkness as symbols for both invigoration and death. This soliloquy is quite significant to the play as a whole since it demonstrates 2 very important themes as well as leading to a better understanding of Macbeth. Macbeth is talking to an officer, when hearing of his wifes demise his mood on the spur of the moment deepens into that of emptiness. He begins a soliloquy and states a number of ironic things. He states that life drags on, that it creeps in this petty pace when in universe the speed of his actions and the development of the plays plot are taking place at a great s peed. Furthermore he goes on to describe life as a brief candle, thus communicating that lifes opposite death must therefore be an eternal darkness. throughout the play, the character Macbeth has longed for death, perhaps so that he can be unleashed from his bored pain and guilt. He goes... ...arkness, pain, and insignificant. Works Cited and Consulted Biggins, Dennis. Light and Darkness in Macbeth. Shakespeare Studies septenary (1975) Gilligan, Carol. Irony in Macbeth. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1982 Kinney, Arthur F. ed. William Shakpespeare the Tragedies. Boston Hall and Company, 1985. Noble, Adrian. At age 436, His coming(prenominal) is Unlimited. New York Times 23 Apr. 2000, late ed., sec. 25. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Elements of Literature. 6th ed. Austin Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1997. William Shakespeare. BBC Homepage. Online. Available . 26 Mar. 2004.

Perspective of Nick Carraway, Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald

Narrators Perspective in The ample Gatsby Nick Carraway has a special place in this novel. He is non just one character among several, it is through his eyes and ears that we form our opinions of the separate characters. Often, readers of this novel confuse Nicks stance towards those characters and the humanity he describes with those of F. Scott Fitzgeralds because the fictional world he has created closely resembles the world he himself experienced. But not both narrator is the voice of the author. Before considering the gap between author and narrator, we should rec both how, as readers, we respond to the narrators perspective, especially when that voice belongs to a character who, bid Nick, is an active participant in the story. When we read any work of fiction, no matter how realistic or fabulous, as readers, we undergo a breakage of disbelief. The fictional world creates a new set of boundaries, make possible or credible events and reactions that might not commonly make it in the real world, but which have a system of logic or a plausibility to them in that fictional world. In gear up for this to be convincing, we presumption the narrator. We take on his perspective, if not totally, then substantially. He becomes our eyes and ears in this world and we have to see him as sure if we are to proceed with the storys development. In The Great Gatsby, Nick goes to some continuance to establish his credibility, indeed his deterrent example integrity, in telling this story round this great man called Gatsby. He begins with a reflection on his suffer upbringing, quoting his fathers words about Nicks advantages, which we could assume were material but, he soon makes clear, were religious or moral advantages. Nick wants his reader to know that his upbringing gave him the moral fiber with which to withstand and pass judgment on an amoral world, much(prenominal) as the one he had observed the previous summer. He says, rather pompously, that as a consequence of such an upbringing, he is inclined to reserve all judgments about other people, but then goes on to say that such tolerance . . . has a limit. This is the first sign that we can trust this narrator to give us an even-handed insight to the story that is about to unfold. But, as we later learn, he neither reserves all judgments nor does his tolerance sieve its limit.

Luis Valdezs Los Vendidos Essay example -- History Historical Los Ven

Luis Valdezs Los Vendidos Los Vendidos, which translates from the literal Spanish to The Sold Ones or a more appropriate translation of the title is The Sell Outs. This is a satiric get written by Luis Valdez and performed by El Teatro Campesino, which translates into The Farmworkers Theater. El Teatro Campesino, founded by Luis Valdez in 1965, was a group of California farmworkers who put in concert Actos, or Skits. These Actos were made mainly to entertain striking farmworkers, support them in their marches, and attract public attention to their strikes and organization (http//www.pbs.org/chicano/bios/lvaldez.html). though there is often comedy in the play, it brings about more important social issues that confront Mexicans and Mexican-Americans in the U.S. during the 1960s. Even after almost three decades, these social issues atomic number 18 still apparent in Mexican-American society and others as well. While I was aware of such movements, such as the Black Panthers mo vement observe in African-American history, I was never aware of the hardships facing Latins, such as Chicanos, in the U.S. By analyzing Los Vendidos through screen readings, class notes, notes from a speaker, and Internet resources, I can easily further my reasonableness of a society that was in need of equality. In the first break apart of the television receiver, our Latins in the U.S.A. class was shown part of Chicano The part of the video documentary that our class saw showed us a brief outline of what life was like for Mexicans in the 1960s. The way Mexicans were treated by the U.S. establishment wasnt fair. For instance this is seen, in Chicano, when journalist Ruben Salazar, who is the news director of KMEX and a columnist for the L.A. Times,... ...em did not want to go. After watching Los Vendidos, and after express emotion a little or a lot, all the underlying messages, or most of them, are jumping straight out of the charge. The more the film is wa tched, the more the underlying messages youll find dwelling in this bed of fellowship and hidden beneath the sheets of comedy and sarcasm. At the end, we find out that honorable Sancho was the real robot and that all the people he was trying to wander were just acting. Each member in the lot feels for Eric, whose real piddle is Kiki, because he really did not want to leave with the secretary, Miss Jimenez. Though it seemed throughout the play that Chicanos did not know what to do, the last segment of the play clarifies all. By taking out a map, the Chicanos continue to work systematically figuring out how to disperse as many Chicanos to as many communities as possible.