How important was Berlin to the development and outbreak of the Cold War, 1945-1961?

The number one of all termination of time we take up to appear at is the year of 1945, when the Second World War exterminateed. This was too the year when the Yalta, in February 1945, and the Potsdam con function, in July 1945, was endorse in order to plow definite problems and plans that occurred or should withstand been d unmatched after fightd the end of war. The tensions, which had threesome to the beginning of the acold War started to come on more intensively at those two conferences, as in that respect were m some(prenominal)(prenominal) theatre of operationss of dis suss protrudement among the regular army and the USSR. One of the quadruplet main areas of variability was Germany.As the Yalta concourse was hold in February 1945 the war against Germany and Japan was still on going more everywhere an end of any terror was close. Problems that had emerged from the Tehran league, that had been hold in 1943, had to be resolved at that conference. It was agreed that that Germany firstly had to be change integrity into four zones world occupied by Britain, France, the the States and the USSR. Germany should withal pay reparations to the countries it had change in the wart earlier, especi exclusivelyy huge amounts to Russia as Stalin demanded. However, Stalin also did non like the intellect of splitting Germany into two parts.Could Cold War assimilate Been Avoided?Germany, by paying huge amounts of money to Russia and other countries, should be modify by that so I would not become a next threat any longer. be grimaces Stalin int stop to finance Russias rebuild of the destructions, which it has suffered from national socialist Germany in the war. In the year 1952 Stalin still seemed to favour the idea of a united Germany over which the USSR had no control but some turn. However, in that location were also other factors of disagreement at those conferences, which caused massive problems in the family amongst the regular army and the USSR. Poland for example proved to be more punishing than Germany.Eventually, the superpowers agreed that the USSRs demands over Polands border in the eastern United States would be met. what is more Poland should receive territorial compensation from Germany. to boot Stalin did confide that the Allies would have guideed Polands mainly communist or USSR sympathetic government. However, Churchill was not sure close what Stalin intended to do and returned to his steadfast anti- collectivism by 1945. Adding to that also Roosevelt shared this point of view. After Roosevelts stopping point in April 1945 a raw harsher era towards the Soviet Union started to emerge under Truman in power of the the States.As the free elections, which had been decided to be carried out in the Yalta Conference, had not taken direct in Poland in time Truman refused to listen to Molotovs explanations for that. US suspicions approximately Soviet motives about a certification in eastern atomic number 63 increase. However, at the Potsdam Conference hold in July 1945 the decision for the acceptance of Russian plans for Poland was made although the occur it on of Poland was very complex. Stalin see it as an issue influencing the life or the remainder of the Soviet Union. Churchill however power saw it as an act of honour.Roosevelt had always been against the idea of a Soviet sphere of influence in easternern Europe. In Stalins point of view however Russia exacted this sphere to return security for the Soviet Union. He created worries about such a sphere, as the juvenile US call for an Open Door form _or_ system of government was introduced, involving the prompting of not having such spheres of influence. Roosevelt however suggested that those disagreement should be an issue alternatively as the war would be ended that during the war. This of course motivated or preferably gave Stalin the time to ensure Soviet security interests in eastern Europe.Apart f rom disagreements about Poland and eastsideern Europe thither was also a third issue where the ground forces and the USSR did not agree with each other. Russia had suffered hugely from horrible destruction in the Second World War. As the axis vertebra forces had retreated between 1944 and 1945, they have left systematic destruction behind, destroying 1,700 t proclaims and 17,000 villages. out-of-pocket to that Stalin saw economic reconstruction as a priority after the war. However, Truman tried everything to contain the Soviet power whenever it was possible.Due to that, at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, Truman s upkeep that the USA would agree to any reparations being paid to Russia by East Germany. However, in return Russia would have to send 60% of the, from westmost received, goods in form of goods and raw materials back to the westerly again. In 1944 Russia however agreed to join the World Bank and the International financial Fund. But when the USSR asked for a 6 billion long horse loan in January 1945, the USA give tongue to she would only agree if the Soviet Union would yield its Eastern markets to the US capital.Obviously Russia did not accept these conditions. But at the Yalta Conference it was agreed from both sides that a 10 billion dollar loan from Germany would be accepted as a beginning of the reparations. However, as in August 1945 a request for a 1,000 billion dollar loan was ignored by the US side, the USSR increase reparation payments from it own Eastern sector. A final point of disagreements or rather arguments was the so-so(p)ise of the A-bomb of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 by the USA.This was a slap in the face of the USSR, as at the Yalta Conference it was agreed that Russia and the USA would end the war with Japan to captivateher. It was also seen as a refusal to share new US technology with the USSR. Truman did decide that, in order to prevent any Russian communist influence in Asia. Stalin taken that beha viour as demonstration of a strong USA next to a low-cal USSR. Looking at those different factors overall you can say that the nigh significant problem in the year of 1945 was the dropping of the A-bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in August 1945.Both the USA and the USSR had shown each other in the first engineer that they would not work together in certain situations. However, as the USA and the USSR had agreed to finish the war with Japan together after Germany would have been defeated but the USA literally ended that issue on its own it cl too soon amplified the fact of not deprivationing to work together. Also it showed that at that inject was a sort of competition going on already and that Truman cute to prevent any Soviet demands for influence in Asia. He wanted, as far as possible, to contain Soviet power and wince the Soviet sphere.Secondly we call for to look at the time period between the years of 1946 and 1949, which were the years just after the macrocosm war w hen everything was recovering and Germany was split up into different zones. By looking at the end of 1945, we can definitely say, that there were great disputes between the USA and USSR already. The westward was also c erstrned about usings in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean, where the US had significant interests. Iran was mainly an area of US concern, as the USSR was feared to spread its influence there. The USSR also replied with saying that they had as oft counterbalance as the USA to oil.Immediately the Iranian prime minister was urged by the American side, which forced Stalin to back down in order to get a deal of oil concessions. However, Stalin was never really interested in that area which again shows that the competition and tensions were going on and each side tried to use any chance for an argument or a disagreement. The same situation of the Soviet attraction backing down happened in the spring and summer of 1946, when concessions from Turkey were op posed and the Russian leader once again backed down. However, the most significant problems of that time period took place in Europe.To start with, we look at Germany and the problem of reparations. Both sides feared during the low temperature war the dry land would become part of the opposite camp. At the Potsdam Conference it was agreed that Germany should be dissever into four Allied zones and it should act, as one economic unit administered by the ACC. Berlin should also be divvied into four zones and Germany should be demilitarised, de-Nazified, democratised, decentralised and de-industrialised. During there were agreements on that issue, the issue of reparations still seemed to cause problems. Tensions over the political developments in the Soviet Union started to emerge early.The main area was economic, as the USSR supported the idea of a rather agricultural country but the US demanded an industrialised Germany. At the Paris shock of the Council of contradictory minister s, Byrnes decided to test the Soviet co-operation over the Potsdam agreements by the four affiliate proposing an act that demilitarised Germany for the next 25 years. Russia agreed but still the USA refused to talk about the interrogatory of reparations. Further refusals of reparations from the US side were devoted in July 1945, when Molotov insisted for a 10 billion dollar loan.Additionally demands for reparations were refused again at the Council of Foreign Ministers opposition in Moscow. Furthermore Russia had to accept that there would not be shipping of coal and steel to the USSR anymore and that the USSR would have to give back some of the resources it already received by the watt. This proposal however was spurned by the USSR. The Soviet Union saw that as an feat to build up the Western Germany thrift and accordingly also saw it as another forces, potential threat as it office ally to the more or less enemy USA.The meeting of the Council of Foreign Minister in Lond on in December 1947 was judged to analyze even in the lead it took place as Britain and the USA would not agree on any reparations paid to Russia by Germany. However at this meeting the creation of Bizonia was decided, where Britain and the US would join to create a separate West Germany. Then half a year later in 1948, France also decided to join this pact and Trizonia emerged together with the introduction of the Deutschmark, a new currency, which was also introduced in West Berlin a few days later.This of course was a clear statement to the Soviet Union that the USA did not have any intentions to work together with the USSR. Tensions between the two superpowers increased rive ahead during the first Berlin Crisis at the Berlin Blockade in 1948. As the USSR did not like the idea of a divided Germany they put pressure on West Berlin by cutting of all road, rail and freight traffics as well as the supply of electricity. This however did not result in a hot war in the Cold War, as the USA replied with a massive airlift delivering food and fuel to West Berlin.It was ended as Stalin also called of the blockade one year later. The USA interpret that blockade as a statement to drive the Allies out of West Berlin and take over the Western zones of Germany. Therefore in may 1949, the FDR was created. The USSR first did not want accept that division but whence in October decided to agree with that division and the GDR was set up in Eastern Germany with the Soviet Control Commission supervising that area. This division of Germany demonstrate the division of whole Europe into two conflicting camps.However there were also other events than in Germany at that period of time that further increased the tension between the two superpowers. Firstly Kennans commodious Telegram where Kennan argued that the USSR was a dangerous and expansionist state collectable to its security fears, internal politics and leadinghip as well as its Marxist-Leninist views and ideology. He also said the USA would never be sufficient or willing to co-operate with such a state and therefore this telegram influenced US foreign polity towards the USSR, such as the creation of the policy of containment.Furthermore the Iron Curtain speech by Winston Churchill supported what Kennans Long Telegram had already amplified. It argued for an end of compromise and arguing against Roosevelts idea at the Yalta Conference to co-operate with the USSR. Stalin saw Churchill as Hitler and immediately interpreted that as a call for war with the USSR. Due to that anti-Western propaganda in the Soviet Union strongly increased. Adding to that Kennan had supported the division of Germany and therefore of Europe before it was even considered at the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in London.Meanwhile, the USSR pursued a very flexible approach in the years after the war. It might have had expansionist and opportunistic views and parts but after all the Russians were prepared to commu nicate and co-operate with the US side. But as time real and tensions increased commonwealth with more extreme and harsher views came to power in these incompatible camps. John Foster Dulles for example called for military and economic supports for states endanger by communism. Byrnes spent 5,700 billion dollars on stabilising economy remote the Soviet sphere in 1946.If the USSR had wanted economic support all trade barriers should have been called off and the US should have a greater say in economic issues in Eastern Europe. Next to those events that increased the tensions between the USSR and the USA or rather generally events that caused problems we also need to look at the economic crisis in Western Europe between 1946 and 1947. In America, although there was a great media campaign against the communistic Soviet Union, the studyity of people were not convinced to give loans to allied countries or to increase the military budget.There was even voted for a cut of Trumans budg et, including military expenditure. However, the bad situation in Western Europe in the end seemed to go into the direction of persuading them to change their opinion Many countries in Europe had suffered horribly in terms of their economy. Furthermore there were bad harvests due to the severe winter in 1946-1947. Additionally communist parties gained more popularity specially in France and in Italy. George marshal, the secretary of state, said that there would be unavoidable 17 billion dollars to recover Europes economy. This was still not enough for the Republican Congress.Only in 1947, when Britain proclaimed that it would not be able anymore to give economic aid to Greece and Turkey everything changed. Acheson conjugated economic loans to the communist struggle and persuaded people to support Trumans policy of containment. He argued with the rotten apple hypothesis and the theory of the domino effect. As a solvent of that the US side set up the Truman philosophical syste m and the Marshall Plan. As economic aid of 300 million dollars was condition to Greece and 100 million dollars to Turkey and military advisors were sent to Greece, Stalin interpreted that as an act to enlarge the US sphere of influence.Coming to the Marshall plan, the US thought it would be able to recover Europes economy with a revived German economy. However the agreement about that question failed at the Council of Foreign Ministers meeting in Moscow in April 1947, as the USA still refused to talk about reparations being paid to the USSR and as the USSR was uncompromising about that topic. Then as the Marshall Plan was announced on 5 June 1947 it was clear that the USSR would not accept the conditions and requirements, which the economic aid required to happen.The USA and the USSR saw the Marshall Plan as an attempt to weaken the Soviet control of the East part of Europe. Furthermore the USSR saw it as a statement of dollar imperialism been introduced to establish US influence i n Europe. However, the US economic and political domination Europe did not benefit from the Marshall Plan. Tensions between the superpowers increased further as were was a repeated refusal of reparations paid to the USSR by Germany at talks in early June. After that talk it was decided to exclude the USSR from further discussions.Under Andrei Zhdanov the Marshall Plan was even describes as being an act of preparing to extend the US power in order to launch a new world war. In one of his speeches he even describes the world as being divided into two opposing camps, which later was famous as the Two-Camps Doctrine. Furthermore the establishment of Cominform marked the end of the flexible and hesitant foreign policy of the USSR compared to US actions. in conclusion, as the tension increased more the CIA intervened in Italian and French politics to act against communist influence.This only motivated Stalins determination to control Eastern Europe even more and to get rid of those agent s in France and Italy. The Soviet Union replied with plans to increase the control of Eastern Europe and also to integrate their economies into the USSRs one. These measure only increased Cold War tensions even more. Now, by looking at all what happened in this time period, we can definitely say that Germany was the biggest problem at that time. The governance of Bizonia and Trizonia clearly amplified that the USA did not want to co-operate with the USSR and that the establishment of two hostile camps was necessary.Furthermore the Berlin blockade showed the same intentions for the USSR, it did not want to work with the USA. Finally he introduction of the Deutschmark symbolised a clear separation between Western Germany/USA and Eastern Europe/USSR. Finally we need to look at the time period between 1954 and 1961 to judge whether Berlin or rather Germany was the biggest problem in the years between 1945 and 1961. After Stalins destruction in 1953 Khrushchev came to power in the USSR . This year marked a development towards best relationships as now Stalin was dead and therefore the extremist views about the US seemed to rest for a certain period of time.The new leader of the Soviet Union seemed to be keen about compromising with the West, as he was less paranoid than Stalin. For Khrushchev Berlin was an embarrassing problem and he wanted to find a solution for that problem. He tried to create expose relationships also to avoid a atomic war. However, as we look at the years between 1958 and 1961 and therefore and the second Berlin crisis we can see that there were also twinklings of disagreements and argument as there before already. The second Berlin crisis emerged as Khrushchev set up the first Berlin Ultimatum.This meant that the West had to sign a white-tie peace with Germany and agree that West Berlin should become demilitarised as well as an world-wide area. If that would not be signed there would be a separate peace signed with the GDR handing over the control of the access routes into West Berlin. These moves were firstly done to prevent West Berlin from becoming a nuclear power but also to impress Chinese communist leaders and his own people. Although Khrushchev gave them a time limit of sixth months to sign the Ultimatum neither the act of signing happened nor was a peace signed the GDR.By 1959 however, 200,000 people were moving from East Berlin to West Berlin each year badly impact the East Berlin economy. Ulbricht wanted to unify Berlin, as he did not want any West be present in East Germany, whereas Khrushchev wanted divisions to occur between the two areas. After the Vienna aggrandisement, Khrushchev gave his OK for Ulbricht the mental synthesis of a physical Berlin division and set another six months deadline for the West to sign a peace pact. However, as by August 1961 there were 20,00 0 refugees moving to West Berlin Khrushchev approved the Berlin border to be secured between 3 and 5 August.At first a barbed con ducting wire was set up and by 13 August the building of a contend was completed. The Berlin Wall remained as Cold War image until the pull down in November 1989 when the Cold War moved away from Germany, Europe. The wall however also solved any problems that had ever existed between West and East Berlin although the US made a shell force in West Berlin after its set up. This and the famous face-off between Russian and American tanks at Checkpoint Charlie finally increased tensions. However, by 1963 the Berlin Crisis was pretty much over.Another incident, where the tensions rose again and relationships became worse was at the Paris Summit and the U-2 incident. At that time West Berlin did not want to make any further concessions of East Berlin. On 1 May 1960 a USSR missile brought down a U-2 spy plane of the USA flying over the USSR. Eisenhower was hugely embarrassed for that but thought he did not beg off for this. As a reaction Khrushchev cancelled Eisenhowers visit in the USSR and the Paris Summit failed. Additionally the Soviets proposed a confederation between the two German states leaving alliances to the NATO and the Warsaw bargain.West saw that as first moves to wards a unification and German disarmament. This however was resisted due to West Berlin as an espionage base behind the Iron Curtain. This stalemate continued until the free elections in the GDR. However, a first moment of agreement about a certain issue was when the US decided to accept the idea of a neutral Austria and a reduction of direct American influence over Austria. Although Khrushchev followed the theory of Peaceful Coexistence he thought there still could be an international transition to socialism.This was also amplified by his foreign policy, which was established in 1956. It said that in the new nuclear age, peaceful coexistence was possible and necessary. First move towards that was the establishment of the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which was also a response to Western Germany b ecoming member of the NATO. The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance between the Soviet Union and all East European countries allied to the USSR, involving East Germany. However, there was one clause in the Pact that said if there was a general European treaty of joint security signed, the Pact should be dissolved.This clearly marked the beginning of better relationships. A second moment of representing and developing friendship between those countries was the geneva Summit in July 1955. Nuclear weapons and Germany were the main issues that were discussed. The fact that discussions were taking place showed an improvement to the relationship between Stalin and Truman. Although there were made agreements on the need for less confrontation and more co-operations, as well as for a stop of testing nuclear weapons, there was still a disagreement about disarmament, European security and control of nuclear weapons.The idea of a united Germany was also rejected. Eisenhowers Open Skies propos al was therefore rejected by Khrushchev but U-2 spy planes carried on doing their spy flights anyway. Another moment of friendship and peace was, when Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to Camp David, where he also agreed to bear away his Ultimatum although the US did not make any concessions. Further discussions should take place at the Paris Summit in May 1960. As a final conclusion, you can definitely say that Germany and especially Berlin was a major factor for the development of the Cold War.The issue if West Berlin being privileged the heart of East Germany had always caused huge trouble such as the Berlin Blockade as well as the second Berlin crisis. If a divided Germany had not existed there would not have been that many problems. For example the first Berlin crisis, where Stalin ordered to completely cut off West Berlin from any supplies of the East and the Western part of Germany, nearly a hot war stone-broke out. Furthermore a divided Germany had always represented a divide d world at that time. At one side there was communism whereas on the other side there was capitalism.