Basement

3 cellar 3 cellar 1 Quick Revision 1. 1 Problems arising from root cellar expression a. Excavation method. b. coat and anchor body of water control c. Lateral stability of basement slam. d. stableness of adjoining building. 1. 2 Ground water control dewate mobilise a. Open s ringow hole Pumping b. Wellpoint System. c. Shallow-Bored Well System d. Deep-Bored Well System 1. 3 Basement Excavation a. Open excavation b. Sheet big bucks cofferdam apply with raking struts Supported with struts and walings Supported with strand anchors Ground support and backdrop water control for boneheaded excavationCut off bulwarkings c. Thin fastened diaphrage d. Mixed in line rampart e. Ground treatment f. Circular cofferdam g. Diaphrage groin 1/11 3 basement 2. Cut-off wallings 2. 1 Thin secureed midriff A series of touching universal beams or towboats atomic number 18 driven into the ground to the required depth. A grout injection pipe is fixed to the network the section and this is connected to a group pump at the ground. As the sections argon withdrawn the void created is filled with cement grout to ground level the thin membrane. This is a non-structural wall and services only as a cut-off wall. It is uitable subsoil of silt, gumption and gravel. 2. 2 Thin grouted plosive speech sound (Source R. Chudley) Mixed-in-place wall A hollow churn drill is drilled into the ground. Intrusion grout is handle finished the hollow kelly bar during the drilling operation. When the required depth is reached, the wimble rotation is reversed and withdrawn while grout injection continues. The grout is thus mixed with the existing soil to form a mixed-in-place pile. The in a higher place extremity is repeated with the oodles being cast against each different until the whole wall is formed. Mixed-in-place pile (Source Jufri & Wellmen) /11 3 basement 2. 3 Ground treatment The major disadvantage of pumping is causing settlement of contact ground. In urban bea s, settlement would serious affect the stability of side by side(p) properties. In this situation, grouting method can be utilize to control ground water. The basic method is to inject the soil or rock with fluids which, on setting, tender or scale down the permeability of the material. There are discordant types of grouts. The choice of grouts, the pattern and spacing of the injection pipes will depend upon the pinch sizes of the soil or the size of fissures in the rock. cement Grouting (Source R. Chudley) 2. 3. 1 Cement grouting Cement grout is suitable for injecting into coarse materials which have a high permeability. This method not only can form an impermeable barrier to ground water and also solidify loose soils which proscribes from collapsing during excavation. It is usual to experience grouting with a batch of thin grout and whence to increase the viscosity of the grout as the process continues, by reducing the water-cement ratio. The grout used may be composed o f neat cement grout, or a mixture of cement and 3/11 3 basement sand in the ratio of 1 4.The adding of sand reduces the cost of material but it also reduces the workability. On the other hand, pulverized fuel ash (PFA) may be used to replace part of the cement (up to 50%) to reduce the cost of the material. The spherical particle haoma of PFA improves the flow quality of the grout without reducing its efficiency. 2. 3. 2 Bentonite grouting Bentonite grouting is used in ground conditions where the particles of the soil are too small for cement grouting. While bentonite grout adds little strength to the soil, it has a high resistance to water flow and wherefore produces an splendid barrier.Bentonite is produced from montmorillionite clay, which has thixotropic properties when it coagulates it forms a gel, and if mixed with certain additives, such as Portland cement or soluble silicates, the barrier formed will be permanent. 2. 3. 3 chemic grouting There are two main processes of chemical grouting one- supposition and two shot. In the two-shot process, pipes are driven into the ground at about 600 mm centres, and the first chemical, normally sodium silicate, is injected. This is followed immediately by the injection of the atomic number 16 chemical, calcium chloride.The reaction between the two chemicals is immediate, resulting in a tough, water-insoluble silica-gel. The process gives considerable strength to the soil and greatly reduces its permeability. Two-shot process for chemical grouting 4/11 3 basement The two-shot process has been largely superseded by the one-shot process, which consists of mixing together prior to injection two chemicals whose gel time can be sufficiently delayed to allow full shrewdness of the soil in advance gel occurs. The extent of the delay can be accurately controlled by varying the proportions of the two chemicals.The extra time gettable for placing this grout allows wider spacing of the boreholes. 4. 2. 6 Circular cofferdam Steel public opinion poll pile cofferdams may be arranged in neb shape in plan. Circular cofferdams may be support with ring walings. The walings are subject to tangential thrust and act as a regular arch. Thus transverse struts are not required. Large diameter circular cofferdams may be formed of cover diaphragm wall and reenforce with ring concrete beam. The advantage of this method is that it imparts a clear excavation un-hampered by struts. However, the method is restricted to circular shape.Circular cofferdam support with ring walings Basement construction of IFC 5/11 3 basement 5 Diaphragm beleaguers Diaphragm walling describes the construction of continuous concrete walls into the ground. The process, sometimes called the slurry chuck method, involves the excavation of a narrow trespass to the required depth which supported with bentonite slurry. The trench is then filled with concrete to form the wall. fabricateion of diaphragm wall 5. 1 Advantages of using diaphragm walls for basement construction 1. The process of constructing the wall is relatively quiet and has little vibration. . The wall can be constructed to a great depth. 3. The wall provides flitting ground supports during excavation then expensive leaf bladework is eliminated or minimized. 4. The wall provides a good water cut-off no dewatering is required and hence has little effects on adjacent structure. 5. The wall serves both as external wall for the basement and the trigger for the superstructure. 6. For mysterious basement, diaphragm walling is more economical than using brand sheeting cofferdam. 6/11 3 basement 5. 2 Method of construction of concrete diaphragm wall 1. A circuit trench, 1 to 1. m deep and with a width equal to the wall thickness plus three hundred mm is excavated. 2. The trench is lined on both sides with 150 mm thick in-situ concrete. (The linings provide a guide for the grab and protect the top of the excavation from collapse. ) 3. Th e wall is divided into to embellishs. The width of each panel is about 4. 5 to 7 m. The sequence of construction for the panels is in an rather way. That is, an intermediate panel is excavated afterward panels on its both sides have been cast. 4. The trench is then filled with bentonite slurry from a large storage tank before excavation.Excavation is done by a grab. During excavation, it is important to maintain the slurry level at about 0. 5 m below the top of the trench. (The function of the bentonite is to prevent the ingress of water and soil into the trench. ) Excavation is continued until the cornerstone is reached. 5. condition end pipes of diameter equal the wall thickness are lay at both ends of the panel. A reinforcement cage is lowered through the bentonite and panel is cast with tremie concrete. The displaced bentonite is recovered, strained to finish off the soil particles and then stored for succeeding(a) use. 6.When the concrete has set, the stop end pipes are removed. Semi-circular sockets are formed which provide key for the adjacent panels. 7. Further panels of the diaphragm wall are then formed in a similar manner until the wall is completed. 5. 3 precast Concrete Diaphragm Walls Diaphragm walls can also be formed with precast concrete panels. The construction sequence is 1. A perimeter trench, lined on both sides with concrete walls, is prepared. 7/11 3 basement 2. The trench is filled with bentonite slurry and excavated with a grab. During excavation, the slurry level is maintained at about 0. m below the top of the trench. Excavation is continued until the founding is reached. 3. Cement grout is introduced to the bottom of the trench with a spreader. The displaced bentonite is recovered, strained to remove the soil particles and then stored for future use. 4. Precast posts or panels are inserted into the trench to form the wall 5. When the grout has set, it seals the joints of the precast panels effectively, and the diaphragm wal l is formed. Precast Concrete Diaphragm Wall Precast Concrete Diaphragm Wall (Source R. Holmes) (Source R. Holmes) 8/11 3 basement 6 Soldier pile wallSince the wall of a basement must be watertight, if a soldier pile wall is used as a basement wall, the piles of the wall will be constructed to overlap with each other. This type of wall is also called secant pile wall. The overlapping is about 120 to cc mm. It is cut by a hydraulic actuated casing fitted with a cutting ring at the lower end. The cutting must be done within one or two days after the concrete has been cast to prevent it become to hard. Secant pile wall Alternatively, the piles of the wall are cast contiguous. Boreholes are drill at the joints of the piles which cut the edges of the piles. The boreholes are then filled ith bentonite-cement grout to seal the joints. Secant pile wall (Source R. Chudley) 9/11 3 basement 7 Top-Down Basement Construction It is to construct the basement in the downward direction to the fina l levels of the basement. The sequence of work is as follows1. Construct the permanent basement wall using diaphragm wall or soldier piles wall. 2. Construct bored piles with temporary sword casings as the foundation of the basement. The cut-off level of the piles is at the final basement level. 3. Place steel columns inside the steel casings of the bore piles from the foundation level up to the ground level. . Backfill the shafts with granular material to hold the steel columns. 5. Construct the ground pedestal slab supported on the steel columns and the diaphragm walls. (This slab provides a working platform for superstructure construction and acts as the lateral support for the basement excavation. ) Access opening in this slab shall be provided for further excavation. 6. turn out beneath the ground floor slab down to next basement floor soffit. 7. Cut the steel casing, remove the gravel and expose the steel column. 8. retch the second basement slab. The slab is connected to the columns with shear studs and connected the diaphragm wall with dowels) 9. Repeat the process for the successive basement floors until down to the final basement slab. The top-down method provides the following main advantages1. Superstructure can be constructed at the comparable time as the basement construction takes place and therefore the overall construction time is reduced. 2. Temporary and permanent works are combined and therefore there is no need for extensive steel temporary works. 3. Stiff rigid walls allow an almost watertight construction and basement construction to great depth.These stiff walls provide at the same time a limitation to ground movement. 10/11 3 basement Steel casing infilled with granular material Steel column on top of bored pile Reference Control of groundwater for temporary works (1986), S. H. Somerville, CIRCA Construction Technology (1987), R. Chudley, Longman Building Construction Handbook (1992), R. Chudley, Newnes ingress to Civil design Construction (1985), R. Holmes, College of Estate Management Civil Engineering Construction IV (1991), S. A. R. Jufri & R. J. Wellmen, Hong Kong Polytechnic 11/11